Genome-Wide Analysis of Copy Number Variants in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: The Role of Rare Variants and Duplications at 15q13.3
- Nigel M. Williams,
Ph.D. , - Barbara Franke,
Ph.D. , - Eric Mick,
Sc.D. , - Richard J.L. Anney,
Ph.D. , - Christine M. Freitag,
M.D., M.A. , - Michael Gill,
M.D., M.R.C.Psych. , - Anita Thapar,
M.D., Ph.D. , - Michael C. O'Donovan,
M.D., Ph.D. , - Michael J. Owen,
M.D., Ph.D. , - Peter Holmans,
Ph.D. , - Lindsey Kent,
M.D., Ph.D. , - Frank Middleton,
Ph.D. , - Yanli Zhang-James,
M.D., Ph.D. , - Lu Liu,
M.D. , - Jobst Meyer,
Ph.D. , - Thuy Trang Nguyen,
Dipl.Math.oec. , - Jasmin Romanos,
M.D. , - Marcel Romanos,
M.D. , - Christiane Seitz,
M.D. , - Tobias J. Renner,
M.D. , - Susanne Walitza,
M.D. , - Andreas Warnke,
M.D., Ph.D. , - Haukur Palmason,
Ph.D. , - Jan Buitelaar,
M.D., Ph.D. , - Nanda Rommelse,
Ph.D. , - Alejandro Arias Vasquez,
Ph.D. , - Ziarih Hawi,
M.Phil., Ph.D. , - Kate Langley,
Ph.D. , - Joseph Sergeant,
Ph.D. , - Hans-Christoph Steinhausen,
M.D., Ph.D. , - Herbert Roeyers,
M.D., Ph.D. , - Joseph Biederman,
M.D. , - Irina Zaharieva,
B.Sc. , - Hakon Hakonarson,
M.D. , - Josephine Elia,
M.D. , - Anath C. Lionel,
M.Sc. , - Jennifer Crosbie,
Ph.D. , - Christian R. Marshall,
Ph.D. , - Russell Schachar,
M.D., F.R.C.P.C. , - Stephen W. Scherer,
Ph.D. , - Alexandre Todorov,
Ph.D. , - Susan L. Smalley,
Ph.D. , - Sandra Loo,
Ph.D. , - Stanley Nelson,
M.D. , - Corina Shtir,
Ph.D. , - Philip Asherson,
M.R.C.Psych., Ph.D. , - Andreas Reif,
M.D. , - Klaus-Peter Lesch,
M.D. , and - Stephen V. Faraone,
Ph.D.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
From the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, and School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Departments of Human Genetics, of Psychiatry, and of Cognitive Neurosciences and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, Scotland; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; ADHD Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Vrije University, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam; Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland; Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium; Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass.; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Applied Genomics and Divisions of Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and of Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London.
Abstract
Objective:
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common, highly heritable psychiatric disorder. Because of its multifactorial etiology, however, identifying the genes involved has been difficult. The authors followed up on recent findings suggesting that rare copy number variants (CNVs) may be important for ADHD etiology.
Method:
The authors performed a genome-wide analysis of large, rare CNVs (<1% population frequency) in children with ADHD (N=896) and comparison subjects (N=2,455) from the IMAGE II Consortium.
Results:
The authors observed 1,562 individually rare CNVs >100 kb in size, which segregated into 912 independent loci. Overall, the rate of rare CNVs >100 kb was 1.15 times higher in ADHD case subjects relative to comparison subjects, with duplications spanning known genes showing a 1.2-fold enrichment. In accordance with a previous study, rare CNVs >500 kb showed the greatest enrichment (1.28-fold). CNVs identified in ADHD case subjects were significantly enriched for loci implicated in autism and in schizophrenia. Duplications spanning the CHRNA7 gene at chromosome 15q13.3 were associated with ADHD in single-locus analysis. This finding was consistently replicated in an additional 2,242 ADHD case subjects and 8,552 comparison subjects from four independent cohorts from the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada. Presence of the duplication at 15q13.3 appeared to be associated with comorbid conduct disorder.
Conclusions:
These findings support the enrichment of large, rare CNVs in ADHD and implicate duplications at 15q13.3 as a novel risk factor for ADHD. With a frequency of 0.6% in the populations investigated and a relatively large effect size (odds ratio=2.22, 95% confidence interval=1.5–3.6), this locus could be an important contributor to ADHD etiology.