The American Psychiatric Association (APA) has updated its Privacy Policy and Terms of Use, including with new information specifically addressed to individuals in the European Economic Area. As described in the Privacy Policy and Terms of Use, this website utilizes cookies, including for the purpose of offering an optimal online experience and services tailored to your preferences.

Please read the entire Privacy Policy and Terms of Use. By closing this message, browsing this website, continuing the navigation, or otherwise continuing to use the APA's websites, you confirm that you understand and accept the terms of the Privacy Policy and Terms of Use, including the utilization of cookies.

×
Published Online:https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.130.2.160

The authors studied a pair of monozygotic twins who became discordant for mental and physical disorders late in life. Differences in the twins' early histories, earliest memories, and reactions to the loss of their mother when they were children suggest that their early interactions with their environment resulted in different modes of adaptation, which subsequently became internalized as different defensive and characterological patterns. The authors believe that the specific environmentally determined psychodynamic influences described in the paper serve to explain the twins' discordance for disease.

Access content

To read the fulltext, please use one of the options below to sign in or purchase access.