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Letter to the EditorFull Access

Dr. Chwastiak and Colleagues Reply

Published Online:1 Aug 2004https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.8.1504-a

To the Editor: We greatly appreciate the interest in our article assessing depressive symptoms and illness severity in persons with multiple sclerosis. We agree that new measures of disease severity and disease-specific disability, such as the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite, are quite promising and will be important additions for future multiple sclerosis outcomes research. A major limitation of the Expanded Disability Status Scale is the bias toward locomotor function, and newer instruments attempt to capture important realms of cognition and arm and hand function. We chose the Expanded Disability Status Scale for our study, however, for two reasons. First, the Expanded Disability Status Scale is still used as the primary outcome for disability in most multiple sclerosis clinical trials. Second, the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite must be administered by a technician, as it includes a timed walk test, a nine-hole peg test, and the paced auditory serial addition test. This makes it unsuitable as a self-report survey instrument that is mailed to a large sample of subjects, as was required by the design of our study.

Mr. Butt and Dr. Crawford also recognize that there is always a risk of overestimating the prevalence of depression in medically ill patients, given the extent of symptom overlap. We maintain, however, that the strength of the association between the Expanded Disability Status Scale category and depressive symptom severity is not due solely to symptoms that might be better explained by multiple sclerosis. We presented a sensitivity analysis of a “modified” CES-D Scale score (one with the four somatic items removed), which revealed that the group with minimal multiple sclerosis illness severity retained significantly lower mean scores than persons with more severe multiple sclerosis. Evaluation of the unadjusted scores of both the CES-D Scale and the modified CES-D Scale across Expanded Disability Status Scale categories demonstrate that the nonsomatic symptoms of depression increase with increasing Expanded Disability Status Scale categories. Mean scores on the full CES-D Scale increased from 11.8 (SD=10.5) in the 164 subjects with minimal multiple sclerosis to 17.0 (SD=11.2) in the 342 subjects with intermediate disease to 17.5 (SD=10.6) in the 208 subjects with advanced disease. Similarly, mean scores on the modified CES-D Scale were 8.3 (SD=8.7) for the group with minimal disease, 11.6 (SD=9.2) for those with intermediate disease, and 12.0 (SD=9.5) for those with advanced multiple sclerosis.

Moreover, other unpublished results further support our conclusion. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors significantly associated with a CES-D Scale score of 21 and higher. These results were quite similar to the published results of the model predicting a CES-D Scale score of 16 or higher, except that the association with duration of multiple sclerosis was no longer significant.