
|
|  | |
|
Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149:999-1010
Copyright © 1992 by American Psychiatric Association
Transduction of psychosocial stress into the neurobiology of recurrent affective disorder
RM Post
Biological Psychiatry Branch, NIMH, Bethesda, MD 20892.
Early clinical observations and recent systematic studies overwhelmingly
document a greater role for psychosocial stressors in association with the
first episode of major affective disorder than with subsequent episodes.
The author postulates that both sensitization to stressors and episode
sensitization occur and become encoded at the level of gene expression. In
particular, stressors and the biochemical concomitants of the episodes
themselves can induce the protooncogene c- fos and related transcription
factors, which then affect the expression of transmitters, receptors, and
neuropeptides that alter responsivity in a long-lasting fashion. Thus, both
stressors and episodes may leave residual traces and vulnerabilities to
further occurrences of affective illness. These data and concepts suggest
that the biochemical and anatomical substrates underlying the affective
disorders evolve over time as a function of recurrences, as does
pharmacological responsivity. This formulation highlights the critical
importance of early intervention in the illness in order to prevent
malignant transformation to rapid cycling, spontaneous episodes, and
refractoriness to drug treatment.
This article has been cited by other articles:

|
 |

|
 |
 
E. Garland and S. Gaylord
Envisioning a Future Contemplative Science of Mindfulness: Fruitful Methods and New Content for the Next Wave of Research
Complementary Health Practice Review,
January 1, 2009;
14(1):
3 - 9.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
L. V. Kessing
Severity of depressive episodes during the course of depressive disorder
The British Journal of Psychiatry,
April 1, 2008;
192(4):
290 - 293.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
C. Raymond Lake
Disorders of Thought Are Severe Mood Disorders: the Selective Attention Defect in Mania Challenges the Kraepelinian Dichotomy A Review
Schizophr Bull,
January 1, 2008;
34(1):
109 - 117.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
A. V. Horwitz
Distinguishing distress from disorder as psychological outcomes of stressful social arrangements
Health (London) ,
July 1, 2007;
11(3):
273 - 289.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
A. J. Grippo, B. S. Cushing, and C. S. Carter
Depression-Like Behavior and Stressor-Induced Neuroendocrine Activation in Female Prairie Voles Exposed to Chronic Social Isolation
Psychosom Med,
February 1, 2007;
69(2):
149 - 157.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
R.M. Post and G.S. Leverich
The Role of Psychosocial Stress in the Onset and Progression of Bipolar Disorder and its Comorbidities: The Need for Earlier and Alternative Modes of Therapeutic Intervention
Focus,
January 1, 2007;
5(1):
73 - 97.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
S. G. H. A. SWINNEN and J.-P. SELTEN
Mood disorders and migration: Meta-analysis
The British Journal of Psychiatry,
January 1, 2007;
190(1):
6 - 10.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
S. Zoger, J. Svedlund, and K.-M. Holgers
Relationship Between Tinnitus Severity and Psychiatric Disorders
Psychosomatics,
August 1, 2006;
47(4):
282 - 288.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
J. Cookson and B. Elliott
The use of anticonvulsants in the aftermath of mania
J Psychopharmacol,
March 1, 2006;
20(2_suppl):
23 - 30.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
J. A. Wagner, H. Tennen, G. A. Mansoor, and G. Abbott
History of Major Depressive Disorder and Endothelial Function in Postmenopausal Women
Psychosom Med,
January 1, 2006;
68(1):
80 - 86.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
J. B Persons and J. L Gruber
Cognitive therapy reduced relapses and number of days in bipolar episodes in DSM-IV bipolar I disorder
Evid. Based Med.,
October 1, 2005;
10(5):
145 - 145.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
A. V. Horwitz
Media Portrayals and Health Inequalities: A Case Study of Characterizations of Gene x Environment Interactions
J. Gerontol. B. Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci.,
October 1, 2005;
60(suppl_Special_Issue_2):
S48 - S52.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
R. A. Miech, W. W. Eaton, and K. Brennan
Mental Health Disparities Across Education and Sex: A Prospective Analysis Examining How They Persist Over the Life Course
J. Gerontol. B. Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci.,
October 1, 2005;
60(suppl_Special_Issue_2):
S93 - S98.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
A. A. Nierenberg, P. Eidelman, Y. Wu, and M. Joseph
Depression: An Update for the Clinician
Focus,
January 1, 2005;
3(1):
3 - 12.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
L V Kessing and P K Andersen
Does the risk of developing dementia increase with the number of episodes in patients with depressive disorder and in patients with bipolar disorder?
J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry,
December 1, 2004;
75(12):
1662 - 1666.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
J. Ormel, A. J. Oldehinkel, and W. Vollebergh
Vulnerability Before, During, and After a Major Depressive Episode: A 3-Wave Population-Based Study
Arch Gen Psychiatry,
October 1, 2004;
61(10):
990 - 996.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
K. Chang, N. E. Adleman, K. Dienes, D. I. Simeonova, V. Menon, and A. Reiss
Anomalous Prefrontal-Subcortical Activation in Familial Pediatric Bipolar Disorder: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Investigation
Arch Gen Psychiatry,
August 1, 2004;
61(8):
781 - 792.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
N. Froger, E. Palazzo, C. Boni, N. Hanoun, F. Saurini, C. Joubert, I. Dutriez-Casteloot, M. Enache, S. Maccari, N. Barden, et al.
Neurochemical and Behavioral Alterations in Glucocorticoid Receptor-Impaired Transgenic Mice after Chronic Mild Stress
J. Neurosci.,
March 17, 2004;
24(11):
2787 - 2796.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
R. D. Jindal, D. J. Buysse, and M. E. Thase
Maintenance Treatment of Insomnia: What Can We Learn From the Depression Literature?
Am J Psychiatry,
January 1, 2004;
161(1):
19 - 24.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
W. Coryell, D. Solomon, C. Turvey, M. Keller, A. C. Leon, J. Endicott, P. Schettler, L. Judd, and T. Mueller
The Long-term Course of Rapid-Cycling Bipolar Disorder
Arch Gen Psychiatry,
September 1, 2003;
60(9):
914 - 920.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
Writing Committee for the ENRICHD Investigators
Effects of Treating Depression and Low Perceived Social Support on Clinical Events After Myocardial Infarction: The Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease Patients (ENRICHD) Randomized Trial
JAMA,
June 18, 2003;
289(23):
3106 - 3116.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
P. Braunig and S. Kruger
Levetiracetam in the Treatment of Rapid Cycling Bipolar Disorder
J Psychopharmacol,
June 1, 2003;
17(2):
239 - 241.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
S. Saxena, A. L. Brody, M. L. Ho, N. Zohrabi, K. M. Maidment, and L. R. Baxter Jr.
Differential Brain Metabolic Predictors of Response to Paroxetine in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Versus Major Depression
Am J Psychiatry,
March 1, 2003;
160(3):
522 - 532.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
L. Dazzi, V. Vignone, E. Seu, S. Ladu, G. Vacca, and G. Biggio
Inhibition by venlafaxine of the increase in norepinephrine output in rat prefrontal cortex elicited by acute stress or by the anxiogenic drug FG 7142
J Psychopharmacol,
March 1, 2002;
16(2):
125 - 131.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
B. S. Brodsky, M. Oquendo, S. P. Ellis, G. L. Haas, K. M. Malone, and J. J. Mann
The Relationship of Childhood Abuse to Impulsivity and Suicidal Behavior in Adults With Major Depression
Am J Psychiatry,
November 1, 2001;
158(11):
1871 - 1877.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
R. M. Carney, K. E. Freedland, P. K. Stein, J. A. Skala, P. Hoffman, and A. S. Jaffe
Change in Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability During Treatment for Depression in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease
Psychosom Med,
September 1, 2000;
62(5):
639 - 647.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
C. I. Cohen
Overcoming Social Amnesia: The Role for a Social Perspective in Psychiatric Research and Practice
Psychiatr Serv,
January 1, 2000;
51(1):
72 - 78.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
R. M. Carney, K. E. Freedland, R. C. Veith, and A. S. Jaffe
Can Treating Depression Reduce Mortality After an Acute Myocardial Infarction?
Psychosom Med,
September 1, 1999;
61(5):
666 - 675.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
A. G. Herzog
Psychoneuroendocrine Aspects of Temporolimbic Epilepsy: Part I. Brain, Reproductive Steroids, and Emotions
Psychosomatics,
April 1, 1999;
40(2):
95 - 101.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
K. P. Bailey
Electrophysiological Kindling and Behavioral Sensitization as Models for Bipolar Illness: Implications for Nursing Practice
Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association,
April 1, 1999;
5(2):
62 - 66.
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
I. R. Bell, C. M. Baldwin, M. Fernandez, and G. E.R. Schwartz
Neural sensitization model for multiple chemical sensitivity: overview of theory and empirical evidence
Toxicology and Industrial Health,
April 1, 1999;
15(3-4):
295 - 304.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
J.-F. Wang, C. Bown, and L. T. Young
Differential Display PCR Reveals Novel Targets for the Mood-Stabilizing Drug Valproate Including the Molecular Chaperone GRP78
Mol. Pharmacol.,
March 1, 1999;
55(3):
521 - 527.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
D. M. Hilty, K. T. Brady, and R. E. Hales
A Review of Bipolar Disorder Among Adults
Psychiatr Serv,
February 1, 1999;
50(2):
201 - 213.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
R. D. Levitan, S. V. Parikh, A. D. Lesage, K. M. Hegadoren, M. Adams, S. H. Kennedy, and P. N. Goering
Major Depression in Individuals With a History of Childhood Physical or Sexual Abuse: Relationship to Neurovegetative Features, Mania, and Gender
Am J Psychiatry,
December 1, 1998;
155(12):
1746 - 1752.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
G. A. Fava, C. Rafanelli, S. Grandi, R. Canestrari, and M. A. Morphy
Six-Year Outcome for Cognitive Behavioral Treatment of Residual Symptoms in Major Depression
Am J Psychiatry,
October 1, 1998;
155(10):
1443 - 1445.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
T. Taubes
"Healthy Avenues of the Mind": Psychological Theory Building and the Influence of Religion During the Era of Moral Treatment
Am J Psychiatry,
August 1, 1998;
155(8):
1001 - 1008.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
S. Malkoff-Schwartz, E. Frank, B. Anderson, J. T. Sherrill, L. Siegel, D. Patterson, and D. J. Kupfer
Stressful Life Events and Social Rhythm Disruption in the Onset of Manic and Depressive Bipolar Episodes: A Preliminary Investigation
Arch Gen Psychiatry,
August 1, 1998;
55(8):
702 - 707.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
R. M. Sapolsky, S. C. Alberts, and J. Altmann
Hypercortisolism Associated With Social Subordinance or Social Isolation Among Wild Baboons
Arch Gen Psychiatry,
December 1, 1997;
54(12):
1137 - 1143.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
W. W. Eaton, J. C. Anthony, J. Gallo, G. Cai, A. Tien, A. Romanoski, C. Lyketsos, and L.-S. Chen
Natural History of Diagnostic Interview Schedule/ DSM-IV Major Depression: The Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area Follow-up
Arch Gen Psychiatry,
November 1, 1997;
54(11):
993 - 999.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
R. M. Post
Molecular Biology of Behavior: Targets for Therapeutics
Arch Gen Psychiatry,
July 1, 1997;
54(7):
607 - 608.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
L. B. Marangell, M. S. George, A. M. Callahan, T. A. Ketter, P. J. Pazzaglia, T. A. L'Herrou, G. S. Leverich, and R. M. Post
Effects of Intrathecal Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (Protirelin) in Refractory Depressed Patients
Arch Gen Psychiatry,
March 1, 1997;
54(3):
214 - 222.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
P. Meerlo, R.H. van den Hoofdakker, J.M. Koolhaas, and S. Daan
Stress-Induced Changes in Circadian Rhythms of Body Temperature and Activity in Rats Are not Caused by Pacemaker Changes
J Biol Rhythms,
February 1, 1997;
12(1):
80 - 92.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
M. J. Gitlin and L. L. Altshuler
Unanswered Questions, Unknown Future for One of Our Oldest Medications
Arch Gen Psychiatry,
January 1, 1997;
54(1):
21 - 23.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
L. E. Goldstein, A. M. Rasmusson, B. S. Bunney, and R. H. Roth
Role of the Amygdala in the Coordination of Behavioral, Neuroendocrine, and Prefrontal Cortical Monoamine Responses to Psychological Stress in the Rat
J. Neurosci.,
August 1, 1996;
16(15):
4787 - 4798.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
A. Jacobs and A. G. Herzog
Psychiatric Classification of Nonconversion Nonepileptic Seizures
Arch Neurol,
November 1, 1995;
52(11):
1044 - 1045.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
A. J. Grippo, J. A. Moffitt, and A. K. Johnson
Cardiovascular alterations and autonomic imbalance in an experimental model of depression
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol,
May 1, 2002;
282(5):
R1333 - R1341.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|
Get information about faster international access.
a>
Privacy Policy
Copyright © 1992
American Psychiatric Association.
All rights reserved.
Home
| Search
| Current Issue
| Past Issues
| Subscribe
| All APPI Journals
| Help
| Contact Us
|