This paper discusses the definition of apathy, reviews its differential
diagnosis, and proposes a classification for the conditions that may
produce it. Apathy is defined as diminished motivation not attributable to
diminished level of consciousness, cognitive impairment, or emotional
distress. In its differential diagnosis, abulia, akinesia and akinetic
mutism, depression, dementia, delirium, despair, and demoralization must be
ruled out. Classification of apathy is organized in terms of its adaptive
and functional consequences, its relationship to personality or to
sociocultural or environmental events, and its association with
psychiatric, neurological, and medical disorders. An approach to assessment
and treatment is proposed.
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