Cyproheptadine for Posttraumatic Nightmares
To the Editor:
Several selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, benzodiazepines, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors have been prescribed to treat recurrent posttraumatic nightmares, but no overwhelming results have been reported (1). A few authors have suggested that cyproheptadine, a serotonin 2 (5-HT2) antagonist with antihistaminic properties, might be an interesting alternative treatment (2–4). We describe here the effects of cyproheptadine on EEG sleep measures and its serum level after successful treatment. We have no knowledge of any earlier reports on EEG data or therapeutic serum levels of cyproheptadine.
Ms. A was a 29-year-old West African asylum seeker who fled to the Netherlands after having been raped and nearly killed by rebels. She fully met the DSM-IV criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder. She had severe nightmares about the rape up to 5 nights a week.
A drug-free standard night polysomnography was performed. Sleep latency was 15 minutes. The first REM period (lasting 9 minutes) occurred 85 minutes after the onset of sleep. After 77 minutes of stage 2 sleep with a cyclic alternating sleep pattern, a second REM period was recorded (58 minutes). A third REM period (24 minutes) appeared after 18 minutes of slow-wave sleep. Consecutively, a 56-minute cyclic alternating sleep pattern was recorded, interrupted by many short arousals and followed by a fourth REM period. After 12 minutes Ms. A woke up in panic from her “usual nightmare.” At that time no signs of sleep paralysis or EEG abnormalities were present on polysomnography.
Despite considerable improvement after psychotherapy, Ms. A’s nightmares continued. Cyproheptadine therapy was prescribed at up to 12 mg at 10:00 p.m. Her nightmares soon became less frightful, and they decreased to less than one a week. Her serum level of cyproheptadine 12 hours after intake of 12 mg was 6 μg/liter. A second polysomnography was conducted. Sleep latency was 10 minutes. Non-REM stage 2 and slow-wave sleep were interrupted by three arousals. The first REM period (13 minutes) occurred after 144 minutes of sleep, followed by slow-wave sleep with two periods showing a cyclic alternating sleep pattern. After 70 minutes REM sleep reappeared for 6 minutes. A final REM period lasted for 10 minutes after a light 5-minute sleep. No nightmares were reported.
The main differences between the two sleep recordings were the paucity of deep sleep during the first night and the percentages of REM sleep—30.4% and 12.6%, respectively (normal values=20%–25%) (5). Moreover, during the first polysomnography, REM sleep appeared earlier and more predominantly in the middle third of the night. The second polysomnography showed a nearly normal sleep architecture.
In accordance with earlier reports, it seems that cyproheptadine might be of considerable value in the treatment of posttraumatic nightmares.
1. Friedman MJ: Drug treatment for PTSD: answers and questions. Ann NY Acad Sci 1997; 821:359–371Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
2. Harsch HH: Cyproheptadine for recurrent nightmares (letter). Am J Psychiatry 1986; 143:1491–1492Google Scholar
3. Brophy MH: Cyproheptadine for combat nightmares in post-traumatic stress disorder and dream anxiety disorder. Mil Med 1991; 156:100–101Medline, Google Scholar
4. Gupta S, Austin R, Cali LA, Bhatara V: Nightmares treated with cyproheptadine (letter). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1998; 37:570–571Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
5. Chokroverty S: An overview of sleep, in Sleep Disorders Medicine: Basic Science, Technical Considerations, and Clinical Aspects, 2nd ed. Edited by Chokroverty S. Boston, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1999, pp 7–20Google Scholar
