Lower Ventral Striatal Activation During Reward Anticipation in Adolescent Smokers
- Jan Peters,
Ph.D. , - Uli Bromberg,
- Sophia Schneider,
- Stefanie Brassen,
Ph.D. , - Mareike Menz,
Ph.D. , - Tobias Banaschewski,
M.D., Ph.D. , - Patricia J. Conrod,
Ph.D. , - Herta Flor,
Ph.D. , - Jürgen Gallinat,
M.D. , - Hugh Garavan,
Ph.D. , - Andreas Heinz,
M.D. , - Bernd Itterman,
Ph.D. , - Mark Lathrop,
Ph.D. , - Jean-Luc Martinot,
M.D., Ph.D. , - Tomas Paus,
M.D., Ph.D. , - Jean-Baptiste Poline,
Ph.D. , - Trevor W. Robbins,
Ph.D. , - Marcella Rietschel,
M.D. , - Michael Smolka,
M.D. , - Andreas Ströhle,
M.D. , - Maren Struve,
Ph.D. , - Eva Loth,
Ph.D. , - Gunter Schumann,
M.D. , - Christian Büchel,
M.D. , and - IMAGEN Consortium
From the Department of Systems Neuroscience, Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité—Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Brain and Body Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, U.K.; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Paris; the Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France; INSERM Research Unit 1000 (Neuroimaging and Psychiatry), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris Sud and Université Paris Descartes, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; and the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin.
From the Department of Systems Neuroscience, Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité—Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Brain and Body Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, U.K.; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Paris; the Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France; INSERM Research Unit 1000 (Neuroimaging and Psychiatry), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris Sud and Université Paris Descartes, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; and the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin.
From the Department of Systems Neuroscience, Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité—Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Brain and Body Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, U.K.; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Paris; the Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France; INSERM Research Unit 1000 (Neuroimaging and Psychiatry), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris Sud and Université Paris Descartes, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; and the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin.
From the Department of Systems Neuroscience, Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité—Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Brain and Body Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, U.K.; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Paris; the Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France; INSERM Research Unit 1000 (Neuroimaging and Psychiatry), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris Sud and Université Paris Descartes, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; and the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin.
From the Department of Systems Neuroscience, Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité—Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Brain and Body Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, U.K.; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Paris; the Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France; INSERM Research Unit 1000 (Neuroimaging and Psychiatry), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris Sud and Université Paris Descartes, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; and the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin.
From the Department of Systems Neuroscience, Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité—Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Brain and Body Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, U.K.; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Paris; the Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France; INSERM Research Unit 1000 (Neuroimaging and Psychiatry), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris Sud and Université Paris Descartes, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; and the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin.
From the Department of Systems Neuroscience, Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité—Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Brain and Body Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, U.K.; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Paris; the Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France; INSERM Research Unit 1000 (Neuroimaging and Psychiatry), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris Sud and Université Paris Descartes, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; and the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin.
From the Department of Systems Neuroscience, Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité—Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Brain and Body Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, U.K.; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Paris; the Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France; INSERM Research Unit 1000 (Neuroimaging and Psychiatry), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris Sud and Université Paris Descartes, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; and the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin.
From the Department of Systems Neuroscience, Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité—Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Brain and Body Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, U.K.; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Paris; the Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France; INSERM Research Unit 1000 (Neuroimaging and Psychiatry), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris Sud and Université Paris Descartes, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; and the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin.
From the Department of Systems Neuroscience, Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité—Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Brain and Body Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, U.K.; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Paris; the Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France; INSERM Research Unit 1000 (Neuroimaging and Psychiatry), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris Sud and Université Paris Descartes, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; and the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin.
From the Department of Systems Neuroscience, Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité—Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Brain and Body Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, U.K.; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Paris; the Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France; INSERM Research Unit 1000 (Neuroimaging and Psychiatry), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris Sud and Université Paris Descartes, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; and the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin.
From the Department of Systems Neuroscience, Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité—Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Brain and Body Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, U.K.; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Paris; the Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France; INSERM Research Unit 1000 (Neuroimaging and Psychiatry), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris Sud and Université Paris Descartes, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; and the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin.
From the Department of Systems Neuroscience, Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité—Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Brain and Body Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, U.K.; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Paris; the Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France; INSERM Research Unit 1000 (Neuroimaging and Psychiatry), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris Sud and Université Paris Descartes, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; and the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin.
From the Department of Systems Neuroscience, Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité—Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Brain and Body Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, U.K.; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Paris; the Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France; INSERM Research Unit 1000 (Neuroimaging and Psychiatry), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris Sud and Université Paris Descartes, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; and the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin.
From the Department of Systems Neuroscience, Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité—Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Brain and Body Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, U.K.; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Paris; the Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France; INSERM Research Unit 1000 (Neuroimaging and Psychiatry), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris Sud and Université Paris Descartes, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; and the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin.
From the Department of Systems Neuroscience, Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité—Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Brain and Body Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, U.K.; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Paris; the Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France; INSERM Research Unit 1000 (Neuroimaging and Psychiatry), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris Sud and Université Paris Descartes, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; and the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin.
From the Department of Systems Neuroscience, Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité—Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Brain and Body Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, U.K.; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Paris; the Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France; INSERM Research Unit 1000 (Neuroimaging and Psychiatry), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris Sud and Université Paris Descartes, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; and the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin.
From the Department of Systems Neuroscience, Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité—Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Brain and Body Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, U.K.; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Paris; the Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France; INSERM Research Unit 1000 (Neuroimaging and Psychiatry), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris Sud and Université Paris Descartes, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; and the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin.
From the Department of Systems Neuroscience, Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité—Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Brain and Body Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, U.K.; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Paris; the Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France; INSERM Research Unit 1000 (Neuroimaging and Psychiatry), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris Sud and Université Paris Descartes, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; and the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin.
From the Department of Systems Neuroscience, Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité—Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Brain and Body Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, U.K.; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Paris; the Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France; INSERM Research Unit 1000 (Neuroimaging and Psychiatry), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris Sud and Université Paris Descartes, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; and the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin.
From the Department of Systems Neuroscience, Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité—Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Brain and Body Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, U.K.; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Paris; the Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France; INSERM Research Unit 1000 (Neuroimaging and Psychiatry), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris Sud and Université Paris Descartes, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; and the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin.
From the Department of Systems Neuroscience, Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité—Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Brain and Body Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, U.K.; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Paris; the Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France; INSERM Research Unit 1000 (Neuroimaging and Psychiatry), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris Sud and Université Paris Descartes, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; and the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin.
From the Department of Systems Neuroscience, Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité—Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Brain and Body Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, U.K.; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Paris; the Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France; INSERM Research Unit 1000 (Neuroimaging and Psychiatry), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris Sud and Université Paris Descartes, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; and the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin.
From the Department of Systems Neuroscience, Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité—Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Brain and Body Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; the Department of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, U.K.; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Paris; the Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France; INSERM Research Unit 1000 (Neuroimaging and Psychiatry), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris Sud and Université Paris Descartes, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; and the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin.
Abstract
Objective:
Adolescents are particularly vulnerable to addiction, and in the case of smoking, this often leads to long-lasting nicotine dependence. The authors investigated a possible neural mechanism underlying this vulnerability.
Method:
Functional MRI was performed during reward anticipation in 43 adolescent smokers and 43 subjects matched on age, gender, and IQ. The authors also assessed group differences in novelty seeking, impulsivity, and reward delay discounting.
Results:
In relation to the comparison subjects, the adolescent smokers showed greater reward delay discounting and higher scores for novelty seeking. Neural responses in the ventral striatum during reward anticipation were significantly lower in the smokers than in the comparison subjects, and in the smokers this response was correlated with smoking frequency. Notably, the lower response to reward anticipation in the ventral striatum was also observed in smokers (N=14) who had smoked on fewer than 10 occasions.
Conclusions:
The present findings suggest that a lower response to reward anticipation in the ventral striatum may be a vulnerability factor for the development of early nicotine use.