Maternally Derived Microduplications at 15q11-q13: Implication of Imprinted Genes in Psychotic Illness
- Andrés Ingason,
Ph.D. , - George Kirov,
Ph.D., M.R.C.Psych. , - Ina Giegling,
Ph.D. , - Thomas Hansen,
Ph.D. , - Anthony R. Isles,
Ph.D. , - Klaus D. Jakobsen,
M.D. , - Kari T. Kristinsson,
B.Sc. , - Louise le Roux,
M.Sc. , - Omar Gustafsson,
Ph.D. , - Nick Craddock,
F.R.C.Psych., Ph.D. , - Hans-Jürgen Möller,
M.D., Ph.D. , - Andrew McQuillin,
Ph.D. , - Pierandrea Muglia,
M.D. , - Sven Cichon,
Ph.D. , - Marcella Rietschel,
M.D., Ph.D. , - Roel A. Ophoff,
Ph.D. , - Srdjan Djurovic,
Ph.D. , - Ole A. Andreassen,
M.D., Ph.D. , - Olli P.H. Pietiläinen,
B.Sc. , - Leena Peltonen,
M.D., Ph.D. , - Emma Dempster,
Ph.D. , - David A. Collier,
Ph.D. , - David St. Clair,
M.D., Ph.D. , - Henrik B. Rasmussen,
D.V.M., Ph.D. , - Birte Y. Glenthøj,
M.D., D.Med.Sc. , - Lambertus A. Kiemeney,
M.D. , - Barbara Franke,
M.D. , - Sarah Tosato,
M.D., Ph.D. , - Chiara Bonetto,
Ph.D. , - Evald Saemundsen,
Ph.D. , - Stefán J. Hreidarsson,
M.D. , - GROUP Investigators,
- Markus M. Nöthen,
M.D. , - Hugh Gurling,
M.D. , - Michael C. O'Donovan,
Ph.D., F.R.C.Psych. , - Michael J. Owen,
Ph.D., F.R.C.Psych. , - Engilbert Sigurdsson,
M.D. , - Hannes Petursson,
M.D., Ph.D. , - Hreinn Stefansson,
Ph.D. , - Dan Rujescu,
M.D., Ph.D. , - Kari Stefansson,
M.D., Ph.D. , and - Thomas Werge,
Ph.D.
From the Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland; the Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; the Centre for Pharmacogenomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; the Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, London; Medical Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R and D, Verona, Italy; the Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, and the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Medical Genetics and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the UCLA Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Los Angeles; theInstitute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo; the Department of Medical Genetics, Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo; the Department for Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, U.K.; the Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass.; the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London; the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland; the Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center, Glostrup, Denmark; the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the Department of Urology, and the Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; the State Diagnostic and Counselling Center, Kópavogur, Iceland; the Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
From the Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland; the Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; the Centre for Pharmacogenomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; the Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, London; Medical Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R and D, Verona, Italy; the Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, and the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Medical Genetics and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the UCLA Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Los Angeles; theInstitute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo; the Department of Medical Genetics, Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo; the Department for Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, U.K.; the Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass.; the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London; the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland; the Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center, Glostrup, Denmark; the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the Department of Urology, and the Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; the State Diagnostic and Counselling Center, Kópavogur, Iceland; the Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
From the Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland; the Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; the Centre for Pharmacogenomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; the Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, London; Medical Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R and D, Verona, Italy; the Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, and the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Medical Genetics and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the UCLA Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Los Angeles; theInstitute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo; the Department of Medical Genetics, Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo; the Department for Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, U.K.; the Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass.; the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London; the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland; the Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center, Glostrup, Denmark; the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the Department of Urology, and the Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; the State Diagnostic and Counselling Center, Kópavogur, Iceland; the Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
From the Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland; the Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; the Centre for Pharmacogenomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; the Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, London; Medical Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R and D, Verona, Italy; the Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, and the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Medical Genetics and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the UCLA Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Los Angeles; theInstitute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo; the Department of Medical Genetics, Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo; the Department for Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, U.K.; the Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass.; the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London; the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland; the Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center, Glostrup, Denmark; the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the Department of Urology, and the Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; the State Diagnostic and Counselling Center, Kópavogur, Iceland; the Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
From the Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland; the Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; the Centre for Pharmacogenomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; the Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, London; Medical Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R and D, Verona, Italy; the Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, and the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Medical Genetics and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the UCLA Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Los Angeles; theInstitute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo; the Department of Medical Genetics, Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo; the Department for Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, U.K.; the Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass.; the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London; the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland; the Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center, Glostrup, Denmark; the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the Department of Urology, and the Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; the State Diagnostic and Counselling Center, Kópavogur, Iceland; the Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
From the Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland; the Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; the Centre for Pharmacogenomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; the Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, London; Medical Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R and D, Verona, Italy; the Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, and the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Medical Genetics and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the UCLA Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Los Angeles; theInstitute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo; the Department of Medical Genetics, Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo; the Department for Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, U.K.; the Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass.; the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London; the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland; the Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center, Glostrup, Denmark; the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the Department of Urology, and the Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; the State Diagnostic and Counselling Center, Kópavogur, Iceland; the Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
From the Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland; the Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; the Centre for Pharmacogenomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; the Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, London; Medical Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R and D, Verona, Italy; the Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, and the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Medical Genetics and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the UCLA Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Los Angeles; theInstitute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo; the Department of Medical Genetics, Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo; the Department for Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, U.K.; the Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass.; the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London; the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland; the Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center, Glostrup, Denmark; the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the Department of Urology, and the Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; the State Diagnostic and Counselling Center, Kópavogur, Iceland; the Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
From the Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland; the Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; the Centre for Pharmacogenomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; the Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, London; Medical Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R and D, Verona, Italy; the Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, and the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Medical Genetics and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the UCLA Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Los Angeles; theInstitute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo; the Department of Medical Genetics, Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo; the Department for Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, U.K.; the Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass.; the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London; the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland; the Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center, Glostrup, Denmark; the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the Department of Urology, and the Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; the State Diagnostic and Counselling Center, Kópavogur, Iceland; the Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
From the Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland; the Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; the Centre for Pharmacogenomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; the Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, London; Medical Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R and D, Verona, Italy; the Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, and the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Medical Genetics and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the UCLA Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Los Angeles; theInstitute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo; the Department of Medical Genetics, Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo; the Department for Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, U.K.; the Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass.; the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London; the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland; the Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center, Glostrup, Denmark; the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the Department of Urology, and the Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; the State Diagnostic and Counselling Center, Kópavogur, Iceland; the Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
From the Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland; the Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; the Centre for Pharmacogenomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; the Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, London; Medical Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R and D, Verona, Italy; the Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, and the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Medical Genetics and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the UCLA Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Los Angeles; theInstitute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo; the Department of Medical Genetics, Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo; the Department for Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, U.K.; the Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass.; the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London; the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland; the Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center, Glostrup, Denmark; the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the Department of Urology, and the Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; the State Diagnostic and Counselling Center, Kópavogur, Iceland; the Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
From the Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland; the Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; the Centre for Pharmacogenomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; the Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, London; Medical Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R and D, Verona, Italy; the Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, and the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Medical Genetics and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the UCLA Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Los Angeles; theInstitute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo; the Department of Medical Genetics, Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo; the Department for Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, U.K.; the Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass.; the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London; the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland; the Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center, Glostrup, Denmark; the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the Department of Urology, and the Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; the State Diagnostic and Counselling Center, Kópavogur, Iceland; the Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
From the Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland; the Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; the Centre for Pharmacogenomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; the Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, London; Medical Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R and D, Verona, Italy; the Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, and the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Medical Genetics and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the UCLA Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Los Angeles; theInstitute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo; the Department of Medical Genetics, Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo; the Department for Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, U.K.; the Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass.; the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London; the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland; the Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center, Glostrup, Denmark; the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the Department of Urology, and the Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; the State Diagnostic and Counselling Center, Kópavogur, Iceland; the Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
From the Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland; the Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; the Centre for Pharmacogenomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; the Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, London; Medical Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R and D, Verona, Italy; the Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, and the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Medical Genetics and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the UCLA Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Los Angeles; theInstitute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo; the Department of Medical Genetics, Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo; the Department for Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, U.K.; the Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass.; the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London; the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland; the Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center, Glostrup, Denmark; the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the Department of Urology, and the Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; the State Diagnostic and Counselling Center, Kópavogur, Iceland; the Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
From the Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland; the Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; the Centre for Pharmacogenomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; the Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, London; Medical Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R and D, Verona, Italy; the Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, and the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Medical Genetics and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the UCLA Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Los Angeles; theInstitute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo; the Department of Medical Genetics, Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo; the Department for Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, U.K.; the Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass.; the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London; the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland; the Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center, Glostrup, Denmark; the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the Department of Urology, and the Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; the State Diagnostic and Counselling Center, Kópavogur, Iceland; the Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
From the Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland; the Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; the Centre for Pharmacogenomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; the Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, London; Medical Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R and D, Verona, Italy; the Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, and the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Medical Genetics and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the UCLA Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Los Angeles; theInstitute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo; the Department of Medical Genetics, Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo; the Department for Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, U.K.; the Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass.; the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London; the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland; the Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center, Glostrup, Denmark; the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the Department of Urology, and the Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; the State Diagnostic and Counselling Center, Kópavogur, Iceland; the Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
From the Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland; the Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; the Centre for Pharmacogenomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; the Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, London; Medical Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R and D, Verona, Italy; the Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, and the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Medical Genetics and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the UCLA Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Los Angeles; theInstitute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo; the Department of Medical Genetics, Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo; the Department for Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, U.K.; the Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass.; the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London; the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland; the Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center, Glostrup, Denmark; the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the Department of Urology, and the Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; the State Diagnostic and Counselling Center, Kópavogur, Iceland; the Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
From the Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland; the Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; the Centre for Pharmacogenomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; the Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, London; Medical Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R and D, Verona, Italy; the Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, and the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Medical Genetics and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the UCLA Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Los Angeles; theInstitute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo; the Department of Medical Genetics, Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo; the Department for Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, U.K.; the Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass.; the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London; the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland; the Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center, Glostrup, Denmark; the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the Department of Urology, and the Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; the State Diagnostic and Counselling Center, Kópavogur, Iceland; the Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
From the Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland; the Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; the Centre for Pharmacogenomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; the Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, London; Medical Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R and D, Verona, Italy; the Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, and the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Medical Genetics and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the UCLA Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Los Angeles; theInstitute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo; the Department of Medical Genetics, Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo; the Department for Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, U.K.; the Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass.; the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London; the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland; the Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center, Glostrup, Denmark; the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the Department of Urology, and the Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; the State Diagnostic and Counselling Center, Kópavogur, Iceland; the Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
From the Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland; the Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; the Centre for Pharmacogenomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; the Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, London; Medical Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R and D, Verona, Italy; the Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, and the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Medical Genetics and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the UCLA Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Los Angeles; theInstitute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo; the Department of Medical Genetics, Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo; the Department for Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, U.K.; the Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass.; the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London; the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland; the Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center, Glostrup, Denmark; the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the Department of Urology, and the Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; the State Diagnostic and Counselling Center, Kópavogur, Iceland; the Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
From the Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland; the Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; the Centre for Pharmacogenomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; the Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, London; Medical Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R and D, Verona, Italy; the Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, and the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Medical Genetics and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the UCLA Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Los Angeles; theInstitute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo; the Department of Medical Genetics, Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo; the Department for Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, U.K.; the Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass.; the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London; the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland; the Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center, Glostrup, Denmark; the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the Department of Urology, and the Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; the State Diagnostic and Counselling Center, Kópavogur, Iceland; the Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
From the Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland; the Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; the Centre for Pharmacogenomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; the Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, London; Medical Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R and D, Verona, Italy; the Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, and the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Medical Genetics and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the UCLA Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Los Angeles; theInstitute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo; the Department of Medical Genetics, Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo; the Department for Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, U.K.; the Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass.; the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London; the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland; the Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center, Glostrup, Denmark; the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the Department of Urology, and the Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; the State Diagnostic and Counselling Center, Kópavogur, Iceland; the Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
From the Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland; the Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; the Centre for Pharmacogenomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; the Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, London; Medical Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R and D, Verona, Italy; the Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, and the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Medical Genetics and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the UCLA Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Los Angeles; theInstitute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo; the Department of Medical Genetics, Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo; the Department for Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, U.K.; the Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass.; the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London; the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland; the Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center, Glostrup, Denmark; the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the Department of Urology, and the Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; the State Diagnostic and Counselling Center, Kópavogur, Iceland; the Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
From the Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland; the Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; the Centre for Pharmacogenomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; the Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, London; Medical Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R and D, Verona, Italy; the Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, and the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Medical Genetics and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the UCLA Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Los Angeles; theInstitute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo; the Department of Medical Genetics, Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo; the Department for Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, U.K.; the Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass.; the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London; the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland; the Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center, Glostrup, Denmark; the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the Department of Urology, and the Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; the State Diagnostic and Counselling Center, Kópavogur, Iceland; the Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
From the Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland; the Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; the Centre for Pharmacogenomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; the Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, London; Medical Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R and D, Verona, Italy; the Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, and the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Medical Genetics and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the UCLA Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Los Angeles; theInstitute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo; the Department of Medical Genetics, Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo; the Department for Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, U.K.; the Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass.; the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London; the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland; the Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center, Glostrup, Denmark; the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the Department of Urology, and the Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; the State Diagnostic and Counselling Center, Kópavogur, Iceland; the Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
From the Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland; the Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; the Centre for Pharmacogenomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; the Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, London; Medical Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R and D, Verona, Italy; the Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, and the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Medical Genetics and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the UCLA Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Los Angeles; theInstitute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo; the Department of Medical Genetics, Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo; the Department for Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, U.K.; the Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass.; the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London; the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland; the Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center, Glostrup, Denmark; the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the Department of Urology, and the Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; the State Diagnostic and Counselling Center, Kópavogur, Iceland; the Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
From the Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland; the Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; the Centre for Pharmacogenomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; the Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, London; Medical Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R and D, Verona, Italy; the Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, and the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Medical Genetics and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the UCLA Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Los Angeles; theInstitute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo; the Department of Medical Genetics, Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo; the Department for Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, U.K.; the Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass.; the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London; the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland; the Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center, Glostrup, Denmark; the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the Department of Urology, and the Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; the State Diagnostic and Counselling Center, Kópavogur, Iceland; the Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
From the Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland; the Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; the Centre for Pharmacogenomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; the Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, London; Medical Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R and D, Verona, Italy; the Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, and the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Medical Genetics and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the UCLA Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Los Angeles; theInstitute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo; the Department of Medical Genetics, Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo; the Department for Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, U.K.; the Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass.; the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London; the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland; the Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center, Glostrup, Denmark; the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the Department of Urology, and the Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; the State Diagnostic and Counselling Center, Kópavogur, Iceland; the Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
From the Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland; the Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; the Centre for Pharmacogenomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; the Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, London; Medical Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R and D, Verona, Italy; the Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, and the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Medical Genetics and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the UCLA Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Los Angeles; theInstitute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo; the Department of Medical Genetics, Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo; the Department for Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, U.K.; the Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass.; the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London; the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland; the Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center, Glostrup, Denmark; the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the Department of Urology, and the Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; the State Diagnostic and Counselling Center, Kópavogur, Iceland; the Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
From the Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland; the Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; the Centre for Pharmacogenomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; the Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, London; Medical Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R and D, Verona, Italy; the Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, and the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Medical Genetics and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the UCLA Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Los Angeles; theInstitute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo; the Department of Medical Genetics, Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo; the Department for Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, U.K.; the Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass.; the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London; the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland; the Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center, Glostrup, Denmark; the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the Department of Urology, and the Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; the State Diagnostic and Counselling Center, Kópavogur, Iceland; the Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
From the Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland; the Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; the Centre for Pharmacogenomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; the Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, London; Medical Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R and D, Verona, Italy; the Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, and the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Medical Genetics and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the UCLA Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Los Angeles; theInstitute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo; the Department of Medical Genetics, Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo; the Department for Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, U.K.; the Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass.; the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London; the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland; the Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center, Glostrup, Denmark; the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the Department of Urology, and the Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; the State Diagnostic and Counselling Center, Kópavogur, Iceland; the Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
From the Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland; the Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; the Centre for Pharmacogenomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; the Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, London; Medical Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R and D, Verona, Italy; the Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, and the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Medical Genetics and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the UCLA Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Los Angeles; theInstitute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo; the Department of Medical Genetics, Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo; the Department for Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, U.K.; the Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass.; the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London; the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland; the Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center, Glostrup, Denmark; the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the Department of Urology, and the Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; the State Diagnostic and Counselling Center, Kópavogur, Iceland; the Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
From the Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland; the Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; the Centre for Pharmacogenomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; the Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, London; Medical Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R and D, Verona, Italy; the Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, and the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Medical Genetics and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the UCLA Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Los Angeles; theInstitute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo; the Department of Medical Genetics, Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo; the Department for Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, U.K.; the Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass.; the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London; the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland; the Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center, Glostrup, Denmark; the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the Department of Urology, and the Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; the State Diagnostic and Counselling Center, Kópavogur, Iceland; the Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
From the Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland; the Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; the Centre for Pharmacogenomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; the Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, London; Medical Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R and D, Verona, Italy; the Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, and the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Medical Genetics and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the UCLA Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Los Angeles; theInstitute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo; the Department of Medical Genetics, Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo; the Department for Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, U.K.; the Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass.; the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London; the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland; the Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center, Glostrup, Denmark; the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the Department of Urology, and the Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; the State Diagnostic and Counselling Center, Kópavogur, Iceland; the Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
From the Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland; the Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; the Centre for Pharmacogenomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; the Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, London; Medical Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R and D, Verona, Italy; the Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, and the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Medical Genetics and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the UCLA Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Los Angeles; theInstitute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo; the Department of Medical Genetics, Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo; the Department for Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, U.K.; the Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass.; the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London; the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland; the Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center, Glostrup, Denmark; the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the Department of Urology, and the Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; the State Diagnostic and Counselling Center, Kópavogur, Iceland; the Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
From the Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland; the Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; the Centre for Pharmacogenomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; the Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, London; Medical Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R and D, Verona, Italy; the Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, and the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Medical Genetics and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the UCLA Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Los Angeles; theInstitute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo; the Department of Medical Genetics, Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo; the Department for Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, U.K.; the Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass.; the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London; the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland; the Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center, Glostrup, Denmark; the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the Department of Urology, and the Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; the State Diagnostic and Counselling Center, Kópavogur, Iceland; the Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
From the Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland; the Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; the Centre for Pharmacogenomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; the Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, London; Medical Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R and D, Verona, Italy; the Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, and the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Medical Genetics and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the UCLA Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Los Angeles; theInstitute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo; the Department of Medical Genetics, Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo; the Department for Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, U.K.; the Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass.; the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London; the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland; the Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center, Glostrup, Denmark; the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the Department of Urology, and the Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; the State Diagnostic and Counselling Center, Kópavogur, Iceland; the Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
From the Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland; the Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; the Centre for Pharmacogenomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; the Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, London; Medical Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R and D, Verona, Italy; the Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, and the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Medical Genetics and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the UCLA Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Los Angeles; theInstitute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo; the Department of Medical Genetics, Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo; the Department for Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, U.K.; the Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass.; the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London; the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland; the Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center, Glostrup, Denmark; the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the Department of Urology, and the Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; the State Diagnostic and Counselling Center, Kópavogur, Iceland; the Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
From the Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland; the Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; the Centre for Pharmacogenomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; the Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, London; Medical Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R and D, Verona, Italy; the Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, and the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Medical Genetics and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the UCLA Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Los Angeles; theInstitute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo; the Department of Medical Genetics, Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo; the Department for Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, U.K.; the Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass.; the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London; the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland; the Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center, Glostrup, Denmark; the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the Department of Urology, and the Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; the State Diagnostic and Counselling Center, Kópavogur, Iceland; the Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
From the Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland; the Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; the Centre for Pharmacogenomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; the Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, London; Medical Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R and D, Verona, Italy; the Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, and the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Medical Genetics and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the UCLA Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Los Angeles; theInstitute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo; the Department of Medical Genetics, Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo; the Department for Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, U.K.; the Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass.; the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London; the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland; the Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center, Glostrup, Denmark; the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the Department of Urology, and the Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; the State Diagnostic and Counselling Center, Kópavogur, Iceland; the Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
From the Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland; the Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; the Centre for Pharmacogenomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; the Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, London; Medical Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R and D, Verona, Italy; the Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, and the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Medical Genetics and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the UCLA Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Los Angeles; theInstitute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo; the Department of Medical Genetics, Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo; the Department for Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, U.K.; the Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass.; the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London; the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland; the Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center, Glostrup, Denmark; the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the Department of Urology, and the Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; the State Diagnostic and Counselling Center, Kópavogur, Iceland; the Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
From the Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland; the Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; the Centre for Pharmacogenomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; the Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, London; Medical Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R and D, Verona, Italy; the Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, and the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Medical Genetics and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the UCLA Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Los Angeles; theInstitute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo; the Department of Medical Genetics, Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo; the Department for Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, U.K.; the Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass.; the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London; the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland; the Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center, Glostrup, Denmark; the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the Department of Urology, and the Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; the State Diagnostic and Counselling Center, Kópavogur, Iceland; the Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
From the Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland; the Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; the Centre for Pharmacogenomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; the Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, London; Medical Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline R and D, Verona, Italy; the Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, and the Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Medical Genetics and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the UCLA Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Los Angeles; theInstitute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo; the Department of Medical Genetics, Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo; the Department for Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, U.K.; the Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass.; the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London; the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland; the Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center, Glostrup, Denmark; the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the Department of Urology, and the Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; the State Diagnostic and Counselling Center, Kópavogur, Iceland; the Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
Abstract
Objective:
Rare copy number variants have been implicated in different neurodevelopmental disorders, with the same copy number variants often increasing risk of more than one of these phenotypes. In a discovery sample of 22 schizophrenia patients with an early onset of illness (10–15 years of age), the authors observed in one patient a maternally derived 15q11-q13 duplication overlapping the Prader-Willi/Angelman syndrome critical region. This prompted investigation of the role of 15q11-q13 duplications in psychotic illness.
Method:
The authors scanned 7,582 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and 41,370 comparison subjects without known psychiatric illness for copy number variants at 15q11-q13 and determined the parental origin of duplications using methylation-sensitive Southern hybridization analysis.
Results:
Duplications were found in four case patients and five comparison subjects. All four case patients had maternally derived duplications (0.05%), while only three of the five comparison duplications were maternally derived (0.007%), resulting in a significant excess of maternally derived duplications in case patients (odds ratio=7.3). This excess is compatible with earlier observations that risk for psychosis in people with Prader-Willi syndrome caused by maternal uniparental disomy is much higher than in those caused by deletion of the paternal chromosome.
Conclusions:
These findings suggest that the presence of two maternal copies of a fragment of chromosome 15q11.2-q13.1 that overlaps with the Prader-Willi/Angelman syndrome critical region may be a rare risk factor for schizophrenia and other psychoses. Given that maternal duplications of this region are among the most consistent cytogenetic observations in autism, the findings provide further support for a shared genetic etiology between autism and psychosis.
