Am J Psychiatry 162:1021, May 2005
© 2005 American Psychiatric Association
Anticonvulsant Hypersensitivity Syndrome From Addition of Lamotrigine to Divalproex
MOHAMED RAHMAN, M.D., and
NADEEM HAIDER, M.D.
Fargo, N.D.
TO THE EDITOR: Lamotrigine is an efficacious, well-tolerated treatment for bipolar disorder and seizure disorders. The initial dosing requires gradual dose escalation, especially when lamotrigine is added to valproic acid to avoid the risk of inducing serious rashes with features within the spectrum of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and hepatitis.
Ms. A, a 50-year-old woman with bipolar depression who was admitted for worsening depression was taking 0.05 mg/day of clonidine, 1000 mg/day of divalproex, 450 mg/day of lithium, 50 mg of trazodone at bedtime, 150 mg b.i.d. of bupropion, 0.5 mg/day of clonazepam, and lamotrigine, which was started 2 weeks before at 25 mg/day, and was recently increased to twice daily. A baseline lithium level was not available.
Three days after admission, Ms. A developed a fever of 101°F, nausea, mild headache, and loose stools, and 2 days later, she had a generalized fine macular rash. A CBC, blood chemistries, a urinalysis and stool studies, a chest X-ray, computerized tomographies of her sinuses, and plain abdominal films were all normal. She developed pancytopenia with a WBC count of 5,500 with 16% segs, 43% bands, platelets of 81,000, mild eosinophilia at 5%, and an elevation of her alanine transaminase level at 186 units/liter (normal range=0–36) and her aspartate transaminase level at 82 units/liter (normal range=0–33) and normal alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin levels. Lamotrigine was discontinued when the rash developed, and divalproex was discontinued 2 days later. The rash began to decrease; the fever remitted; the headache, loose stools, and pancytopenia resolved; and the aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase levels decreased. A lithium level obtained during hospitalization was subtherapeutic at 0.3 mmol/liter (therapeutic range=0.6–1.2 mmol/liter). The lithium dose was increased, and Ms. A was given hydroxyzine for anxiety resulting in effective control of her symptoms.
Anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome is an uncommon immune-mediated disorder associated with older aromatic anticonvulsants. It is also seen with lamotrigine and characterized by fever, rash, eosinophilia, lymphadenopathy, pharyngitis, and malaise. It typically develops between 2 and 8 weeks after starting therapy but can occur after 12 weeks or longer. Liver involvement is common, ranging from mild (two- to threefold) elevation in transaminases to fulminant and lethal hepatocellular necrosis.
Although lamotrigine can be added to valproic acid with an acceptable incidence of side effects (1), 60% of the patients with anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome related to lamotrigine also were taking valproic acid (2). The overall rate of rashes for patients taking lamotrigine is 13% and of serious rashes, 0.1% (3). Any rash is potentially serious and should be evaluated promptly (4). Although prolonged symptoms and fatalities have been reported, early recognition and discontinuation of offending agents often result in rapid improvement, as with our patient.
References
- Faught E, Morris G, Jacobson M, French J, Harden C, Montouris G, Rosenfeld W (Postmarketing Antiepileptic Drug Survey [PADS] Group): Adding lamotrigine to valproate: incidence of rash and other adverse effects. Epilepsia 1999; 40:1135–1140[CrossRef][Medline]
- Schlienger RG, Knowles SR, Shear NH: Lamotrigine-associated anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome. Neurology 1998; 51:1172–1175[Abstract/Free Full Text]
- Calabrese JR, Sullivan JR, Bowden CL, Suppes T, Goldberg JF, Sachs GS, Shelton MD, Goodwin FK, Frye MA, Kusumakar V: Rash in multicenter trials of lamotrigine in mood disorders: clinical relevance and management. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63:1012–1019[Medline]
- Guberman AH, Besag FM, Brodie MJ, Dooley JM, Duchowny MS, Pellock JM, Richens A, Stern RS, Trevathan E: Lamotrigine-associated rash: risk/benefit considerations in adults and children. Epilepsia 1999; 40:985–991[Medline]
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