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Parkinsonism With Intramuscular Ziprasidone

To the Editor: Intramuscular ziprasidone was introduced for use in the emergency management of acute psychosis (1). Ziprasidone is thought to have a low incidence of extrapyramidal side effects. We report on the induction of parkinsonism in a patient 3 days after its initiation.

Mr. A, a 63-year-old man with history of chronic paranoid schizophrenia, was admitted to the inpatient unit to help manage his uncontrollable violent behavior. He was hypervigilant, paranoid, and actively conversing with inner voices. He refused to take oral medications, including his preadmission regimen of olanzapine, 30 mg/day, and valproic acid, 2000 mg/day. He then assaulted staff members twice, necessitating use of restraints and intramuscular haloperidol, 10 mg/day, for 3 consecutive days. A day after his last haloperidol injection, we gave him 20 mg b.i.d. of intramuscular ziprasidone. Mr. A received 20 mg on day 1, 20 mg b.i.d. on day 2, and 20 mg b.i.d., with an additional third dose of 20 mg at noon on day 3, for emergent aggression. Drooling, a flat expression, bradykinesia, a shuffling gait, and pill-rolling tremor appeared later that day. His symptom profile fit drug-induced parkinsonism. We then restricted his dose to 40 mg/day, and Mr. A’s parkinsonism symptoms subsequently resolved. However, at that dose, his aggression continued; therefore, we discontinued ziprasidone and started intramuscular olanzapine, which reduced the agitation and allowed resumption of oral medication administration.

To our knowledge, there are no reports in the literature associating injectable ziprasidone with parkinsonism. Dystonia (2), an oculogyric crisis (3), and even tardive dyskinesia (4) have been linked to ziprasidone. In a recent study, higher doses of intramuscular ziprasidone (up to 20 mg/day) were associated with extrapyramidal side effects, but parkinsonism was not specifically mentioned (5). Our patient was susceptible to extrapyramidal symptoms because he had a history of brain injury, was older, and had some medical comorbidities. Although those confounds may diminish the role of ziprasidone inducing the complication, it should alert clinicians to the possibilities of its occurrence at higher doses and in the presence of predisposing factors.

References

1. Daniel DG, Potkin SG, Reeves KR, Swift RH, Harrigan EP: Intramuscular (IM) ziprasidone 20 mg is effective in reducing acute agitation associated with psychosis: a double-blind, randomized trial. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2001; 155:128–134[CrossRef][Medline]
2. Mason MN, Johnson CE, Piasecki M: Ziprasidone-induced acute dystonia (letter). Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162:625–626[Free Full Text]
3. Ramos AE, Shytle RD, Silver AA, Sanberg PR: Ziprasidone-induced oculogyric crisis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2003; 42:1013–1014[Medline]
4. Ananth J, Burgoyne KS, Niz D, Smith M: Tardive dyskinesia in 2 patients treated with ziprasidone. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2004; 29:467–469[Medline]
5. Daniel DG, Zimbroff DL, Swift RH, Harrigan EP: The tolerability of intramuscular ziprasidone and haloperidol treatment and the transition to oral therapy. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2004; 19:9–15[CrossRef][Medline]

Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Email this article to a Colleague Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to My Articles & Searches Download to citation manager Citing Articles via Google Scholar Articles by BILAL, L. Articles by NDLELA, J. C. Search for Related Content PubMed Citation Articles by BILAL, L. Articles by NDLELA, J. C. Geriatric Psychiatry Parkinson's Disease Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders Other Violence/Aggression Atypical Neuroleptics Conventional Neuroleptics

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