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Characteristics of Functional Auditory Hallucinations

To the Editor: In schizophrenia, functional hallucinations are defined as those that occur when a patient simultaneously receives a real stimulus in the perceptual field concerned (e.g., hallucinated voices heard simultaneously with—and specific to—the real sound of running water) (1).

Mr. A, a 35-year-old man who had suffered from schizophrenia since his early 20s, was referred for assessment of refractory auditory verbal hallucinations. He was taking quetiapine, having previously been given several other antipsychotics, including clozapine (which was discontinued after a generalized tonic-clonic seizure and neutropenia). No pharmacological treatments had resulted in significant attenuation of his auditory hallucinations (the predominant clinical symptom of his illness).

The most salient hallucinated voice was perceived solely when Mr. A simultaneously heard real engine sounds from motor vehicles. The engine sounds and the voice were perceived as "in parallel." The "engine voice" spoke to him in the second person, uttering frightening statements such as, "I’ve got hell for you." The timbre of this voice was mechanistic, like the accompanying engine sounds, and lacked human characteristics, such as gender or accent.

Another hallucinated voice occurred simultaneously with actual speech uttered by television announcers. The semantic content was the same as that of the "engine voice," but the "television voice" sounded human, exactly like the real voice of the television announcer who was speaking at the same time. For example, the "television voice" was often described as sounding like an adult woman with a northern British accent and "serious" emotional prosody.

A third variant of Mr. A’s functional auditory hallucinations occurred when he played his electric guitar. Single hallucinated words accompanied the playing (and perception) of each individual musical note. These words were in a seemingly random order, without apparent semantic features. Like the "engine voice," the "guitar voice" lacked human attributes but instead sounded like an electric guitar. For example, if Mr. A played a musical scale, then he would hear hallucinated words whose pitch matched the simultaneously perceived guitar notes. A physical examination, routine blood investigations, and an audiological assessment revealed no abnormalities.

In this patient, we observed a direct relationship between the timbre, prosody, and pitch of real environmental sounds and simultaneously perceived auditory hallucinations. Evidence from functional neuroimaging supports a general hypothesis that auditory hallucinations can arise because of abnormal activation in the auditory cortex (2, 3). This case suggests a further hypothesis: normal activation in the auditory system, which corresponds to neural encoding of natural-sound object and location characteristics (4, 5), may be misinterpreted, leading to the false perception of functional auditory hallucinations that retain certain acoustic features that were present in the original signal.

References

1. Hamilton M: Fish’s Schizophrenia. Bristol, John Wright & Sons, 1976
2. Dierks T, Linden DEJ, Jandl M, Formisano E, Goebel R, Lanfermann H, Singer W: Activation of Heschl’s gyrus during auditory hallucinations. Neuron 1999; 22:615–621[CrossRef][Medline]
3. Woodruff PWR, Wright IC, Bullmore ET, Brammer M, Howard RJ, Williams SCR, Shapleske J, Rossell S, David AS, McGuire PK, Murray RM: Auditory hallucinations and the temporal cortical response to speech in schizophrenia: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154:1676–1682[Abstract/Free Full Text]
4. Warren JD, Griffiths TD: Distinct mechanisms for processing spatial sequences and pitch sequences in the human auditory brain. J Neurosci 2003; 23:5799–5804[Abstract/Free Full Text]
5. Hunter MD, Griffiths TD, Farrow TFD, Zheng Y, Wilkinson ID, Hegde N, Woods W, Spence SA, Woodruff PWR: A neural basis for the perception of voices in external auditory space. Brain 2003; 126:161–169

Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Email this article to a Colleague Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to My Articles & Searches Download to citation manager Citing Articles via Google Scholar Articles by HUNTER, M. D. Articles by WOODRUFF, P. W.R. Search for Related Content PubMed Citation Articles by HUNTER, M. D. Articles by WOODRUFF, P. W.R. Neurophysiology Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders

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