Am J Psychiatry 160:1071-1077, June 2003
© 2003 American Psychiatric Association
National Trends in the Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Mark Olfson, M.D., M.P.H.,
Marc J. Gameroff, Ph.D.,
Steven C. Marcus, Ph.D., and
Peter S. Jensen, M.D.
OBJECTIVE: Nationally representative descriptive data were presented regarding recent trends in the outpatient treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. METHOD: Service use data were analyzed in children ages 3 to 18 years from two nationally representative surveys of the U.S. general population, the 1987 National Medical Expenditure Survey, and the 1997 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Trends in the rates of treatment for ADHD were presented by age, gender, race, family income, and health insurance status. Trends in ADHD treatment were also determined by annual numbers of visits, use of pharmacotherapies, and types of health care professionals. RESULTS: The rate of outpatient treatment for ADHD increased from 0.9 per 100 children in 1987 to 3.4 per 100 children in 1997. Significant increases in the rates of treatment for ADHD were evident across nearly all sociodemographic groups, with the largest increases among children from poor, near-poor, and low-income families and children ages 12 to 18. Among children who received treatment for ADHD, there was a significant decrease in the number of treatment visits but an increase in the number of stimulant prescriptions between 1987 and 1997. CONCLUSIONS: During the decade, there was a marked and broad expansion in access to treatment of children with ADHD but a decline in intensity of treatment, as measured by number of visits. These changes occurred during a period of expanding access to special education services, growth of managed behavioral healthcare, and increased public acceptance of effective psychotropic medications.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
|
|
 
M. S. Gould, B. T. Walsh, J. L. Munfakh, M. Kleinman, N. Duan, M. Olfson, L. Greenhill, and T. Cooper
Sudden Death and Use of Stimulant Medications in Youths
Am J Psychiatry,
September 1, 2009;
166(9):
992 - 1001.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Setlik, G. R. Bond, and M. Ho
Adolescent Prescription ADHD Medication Abuse Is Rising Along With Prescriptions for These Medications
Pediatrics,
September 1, 2009;
124(3):
875 - 880.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. D. Fulton, R. M. Scheffler, S. P. Hinshaw, P. Levine, S. Stone, T. T. Brown, and S. Modrek
National Variation of ADHD Diagnostic Prevalence and Medication Use: Health Care Providers and Education Policies
Psychiatr Serv,
August 1, 2009;
60(8):
1075 - 1083.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. B. Brinkman, S. N. Sherman, A. R. Zmitrovich, M. O. Visscher, L. E. Crosby, K. J. Phelan, and E. F. Donovan
Parental Angst Making and Revisiting Decisions About Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Pediatrics,
August 1, 2009;
124(2):
580 - 589.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. S. G. Molina, K. Flory, O. G. Bukstein, A. R. Greiner, J. L. Baker, V. Krug, and S. W. Evans
Feasibility and Preliminary Efficacy of an After-School Program for Middle Schoolers With ADHD: A Randomized Trial in a Large Public Middle School
J Atten Disord,
November 1, 2008;
12(3):
207 - 217.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Kendall, E. Taylor, A. Perez, C. Taylor, and on behalf of the Guideline Development Group
Diagnosis and management of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children, young people, and adults: summary of NICE guidance
BMJ,
September 24, 2008;
337(sep24_1):
a1239 - a1239.
[Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. K. Leslie, K. M. Lambros, G. A. Aarons, R. A. Haine, and R. L. Hough
School-Based Service Use by Youth With ADHD in Public-Sector Settings
Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders,
September 1, 2008;
16(3):
163 - 177.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. L. Toomey, J. Finkelstein, and K. Kuhlthau
Does Connection to Primary Care Matter for Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder?
Pediatrics,
August 1, 2008;
122(2):
368 - 374.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. S. Mandell, J. K. Davis, K. Bevans, and J. P. Guevara
Ethnic Disparities in Special Education Labeling Among Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders,
March 1, 2008;
16(1):
42 - 51.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. E. McCabe
Screening for Drug Abuse Among Medical and Nonmedical Users of Prescription Drugs in a Probability Sample of College Students
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med,
March 1, 2008;
162(3):
225 - 231.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. M. McGuinness and K. Schneider
Poverty, Child Maltreatment, and Foster Care
Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association,
November 1, 2007;
13(5):
296 - 303.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. E. Froehlich, B. P. Lanphear, J. N. Epstein, W. J. Barbaresi, S. K. Katusic, and R. S. Kahn
Prevalence, Recognition, and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in a National Sample of US Children
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med,
September 1, 2007;
161(9):
857 - 864.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. K. Leslie and M. L. Wolraich
ADHD Service Use Patterns in Youth
J. Pediatr. Psychol.,
July 1, 2007;
32(6):
695 - 710.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. A. Strohschein
Prevalence of methylphenidate use among Canadian children following parental divorce
Can. Med. Assoc. J.,
June 5, 2007;
176(12):
1711 - 1714.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. A. Pescosolido, B. L. Perry, J. K. Martin, J. D. McLeod, and P. S. Jensen
Stigmatizing Attitudes and Beliefs About Treatment and Psychiatric Medications for Children With Mental Illness
Psychiatr Serv,
May 1, 2007;
58(5):
613 - 618.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. D. McLeod, D. L. Fettes, P. S. Jensen, B. A. Pescosolido, and J. K. Martin
Public Knowledge, Beliefs, and Treatment Preferences Concerning Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Psychiatr Serv,
May 1, 2007;
58(5):
626 - 631.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. dosReis, M. P. Mychailyszyn, M. Myers, and A. W. Riley
Coming to Terms With ADHD: How Urban African-American Families Come to Seek Care for Their Children
Psychiatr Serv,
May 1, 2007;
58(5):
636 - 641.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. N. Visser, C. A. Lesesne, and R. Perou
National Estimates and Factors Associated With Medication Treatment for Childhood Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Pediatrics,
February 1, 2007;
119(Supplement_1):
S99 - S106.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. M. Chin, R. N. Channick, and L. J. Rubin
Is Methamphetamine Use Associated With Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension?
Chest,
December 1, 2006;
130(6):
1657 - 1663.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. J. Boyd, S. E. McCabe, J. A. Cranford, and A. Young
Adolescents' Motivations to Abuse Prescription Medications
Pediatrics,
December 1, 2006;
118(6):
2472 - 2480.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. T. Ray, P. Levine, L. A. Croen, F. A. S. Bokhari, T.-w. Hu, and L. A. Habel
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children: excess costs before and after initial diagnosis and treatment cost differences by ethnicity.
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med,
October 1, 2006;
160(10):
1063 - 1069.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. A. Hazel-Fernandez, R. Klorman, J. M. Wallace, and S. Cook
Methylphenidate improves aspects of executive function in african american children with ADHD.
J Atten Disord,
May 1, 2006;
9(4):
582 - 589.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. P. Thomas, P. Conrad, R. Casler, and E. Goodman
Trends in the Use of Psychotropic Medications Among Adolescents, 1994 to 2001
Psychiatr Serv,
January 1, 2006;
57(1):
63 - 69.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. E. Perry, D. Hatton, and J. Kendall
Latino Parents' Accounts of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
J Transcult Nurs,
October 1, 2005;
16(4):
312 - 321.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. A. Ricaurte, A. O. Mechan, J. Yuan, G. Hatzidimitriou, T. Xie, A. H. Mayne, and U. D. McCann
Amphetamine Treatment Similar to That Used in the Treatment of Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Damages Dopaminergic Nerve Endings in the Striatum of Adult Nonhuman Primates
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.,
October 1, 2005;
315(1):
91 - 98.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. C. Marcus, G. J. Wan, J. E. Kemner, and M. Olfson
Continuity of Methylphenidate Treatment for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med,
June 1, 2005;
159(6):
572 - 578.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. B. van der Heijden, M. G. Smits, and W. B. Gunning
Sleep-related Disorders in ADHD: A Review
Clinical Pediatrics,
April 1, 2005;
44(3):
201 - 210.
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. B. Lahey, W. E. Pelham, J. Loney, H. Kipp, A. Ehrhardt, S. S. Lee, E. G. Willcutt, C. M. Hartung, A. Chronis, and G. Massetti
Three-Year Predictive Validity of DSM-IV Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children Diagnosed at 4-6 Years of Age
Am J Psychiatry,
November 1, 2004;
161(11):
2014 - 2020.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. dosReis, P. L. Owens, K. B. Puccia, and P. J. Leaf
Multimodal Treatment for ADHD Among Youths in Three Medicaid Subgroups: Disabled, Foster Care, and Low Income
Psychiatr Serv,
September 1, 2004;
55(9):
1041 - 1048.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. EVANS
Ethnic Differences in ADHD and the Mad/Bad Debate
Am J Psychiatry,
May 1, 2004;
161(5):
932 - 932.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
Get information about faster international access.
Privacy Policy
Copyright © 2003
American Psychiatric Association.
All rights reserved.
Home
| Search
| Current Issue
| Past Issues
| Subscribe
| All APPI Journals
| Help
| Contact Us
|
