Am J Psychiatry 160:636-645, April 2003
© 2003 American Psychiatric Association
The Endophenotype Concept in Psychiatry: Etymology and Strategic Intentions
Irving I. Gottesman, Ph.D., Hon. F.R.C.Psych., and
Todd D. Gould, M.D.
Endophenotypes, measurable components unseen by the unaided eye along the pathway between disease and distal genotype, have emerged as an important concept in the study of complex neuropsychiatric diseases. An endophenotype may be neurophysiological, biochemical, endocrinological, neuroanatomical, cognitive, or neuropsychological (including configured self-report data) in nature. Endophenotypes represent simpler clues to genetic underpinnings than the disease syndrome itself, promoting the view that psychiatric diagnoses can be decomposed or deconstructed, which can result in more straightforward—and successful—genetic analysis. However, to be most useful, endophenotypes for psychiatric disorders must meet certain criteria, including association with a candidate gene or gene region, heritability that is inferred from relative risk for the disorder in relatives, and disease association parameters. In addition to furthering genetic analysis, endophenotypes can clarify classification and diagnosis and foster the development of animal models. The authors discuss the etymology and strategy behind the use of endophenotypes in neuropsychiatric research and, more generally, in research on other diseases with complex genetics.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
|
|
 
A. M. Matteini, M. D. Fallin, C. M. Kammerer, N. Schupf, A. I. Yashin, K. Christensen, K. G. Arbeev, G. Barr, R. Mayeux, A. B. Newman, et al.
Heritability Estimates of Endophenotypes of Long and Health Life: The Long Life Family Study
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci,
September 2, 2010;
(2010)
glq154v1.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. M. Prasad, L. Almasy, R. C. Gur, R. E. Gur, M. Pogue-Geile, K. V. Chowdari, M. E. Talkowski, and V. L. Nimgaonkar
RGS4 Polymorphisms Associated With Variability of Cognitive Performance in a Family-Based Schizophrenia Sample
Schizophr Bull,
September 1, 2010;
36(5):
983 - 990.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Donohoe, D. W. Morris, and A. Corvin
The Psychosis Susceptibility Gene ZNF804A: Associations, Functions, and Phenotypes
Schizophr Bull,
September 1, 2010;
36(5):
904 - 909.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Derringer, R. F. Krueger, D. M. Dick, S. Saccone, R. A. Grucza, A. Agrawal, P. Lin, L. Almasy, H. J. Edenberg, T. Foroud, et al.
Predicting Sensation Seeking From Dopamine Genes: A Candidate-System Approach
Psychological Science,
August 23, 2010;
(2010)
0956797610380699v1.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. F. Pogue-Geile and J. L. Yokley
Current Research on the Genetic Contributors to Schizophrenia
Current Directions in Psychological Science,
August 1, 2010;
19(4):
214 - 219.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Erk, A. Meyer-Lindenberg, K. Schnell, C. Opitz von Boberfeld, C. Esslinger, P. Kirsch, O. Grimm, C. Arnold, L. Haddad, S. H. Witt, et al.
Brain Function in Carriers of a Genome-wide Supported Bipolar Disorder Variant
Arch Gen Psychiatry,
August 1, 2010;
67(8):
803 - 811.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Arribas-Ayllon, A. Bartlett, and K. Featherstone
Complexity and accountability: The witches' brew of psychiatric genetics
Social Studies of Science,
August 1, 2010;
40(4):
499 - 524.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. T. R. Walters, A. Corvin, M. J. Owen, H. Williams, M. Dragovic, E. M. Quinn, R. Judge, D. J. Smith, N. Norton, I. Giegling, et al.
Psychosis Susceptibility Gene ZNF804A and Cognitive Performance in Schizophrenia
Arch Gen Psychiatry,
July 1, 2010;
67(7):
692 - 700.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Charlesworth, P. L. Kramer, T. Dyer, V. Diego, J. R. Samples, J. E. Craig, D. A. Mackey, A. W. Hewitt, J. Blangero, and M. K. Wirtz
The Path to Open-Angle Glaucoma Gene Discovery: Endophenotypic Status of Intraocular Pressure, Cup-to-Disc Ratio, and Central Corneal Thickness
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.,
July 1, 2010;
51(7):
3509 - 3514.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. P. Koning, D. E. Tenback, J. van Os, A. Aleman, R. S. Kahn, and P. N. van Harten
Dyskinesia and Parkinsonism in Antipsychotic-Naive Patients With Schizophrenia, First-Degree Relatives and Healthy Controls: A Meta-analysis
Schizophr Bull,
July 1, 2010;
36(4):
723 - 731.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Liu, Y. Kaneko, X. Ouyang, L. Li, Y. Hao, E. Y. H. Chen, T. Jiang, Y. Zhou, and Z. Liu
Schizophrenic Patients and Their Unaffected Siblings Share Increased Resting-State Connectivity in the Task-Negative Network but Not Its Anticorrelated Task-Positive Network
Schizophr Bull,
June 30, 2010;
(2010)
sbq074v1.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
U. Ettinger, A. Schmechtig, T. Toulopoulou, C. Borg, C. Orrells, S. Owens, K. Matsumoto, N. E. van Haren, M.-H. Hall, V. Kumari, et al.
Prefrontal and Striatal Volumes in Monozygotic Twins Concordant and Discordant for Schizophrenia
Schizophr Bull,
June 10, 2010;
(2010)
sbq060v1.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. J. Seidman, A. J. Giuliano, E. C. Meyer, J. Addington, K. S. Cadenhead, T. D. Cannon, T. H. McGlashan, D. O. Perkins, M. T. Tsuang, E. F. Walker, et al.
Neuropsychology of the Prodrome to Psychosis in the NAPLS Consortium: Relationship to Family History and Conversion to Psychosis
Arch Gen Psychiatry,
June 1, 2010;
67(6):
578 - 588.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. G. Poythress, S. O. Lilienfeld, J. L. Skeem, K. S. Douglas, J. F. Edens, M. Epstein, and C. J. Patrick
Using the PCL-R to Help Estimate the Validity of Two Self-Report Measures of Psychopathy With Offenders
Assessment,
June 1, 2010;
17(2):
206 - 219.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. A. Hodgkinson, M.-A. Enoch, V. Srivastava, J. S. Cummins-Oman, C. Ferrier, P. Iarikova, S. Sankararaman, G. Yamini, Q. Yuan, Z. Zhou, et al.
Genome-wide association identifies candidate genes that influence the human electroencephalogram
PNAS,
May 11, 2010;
107(19):
8695 - 8700.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Meguid, C. Fahim, U. Yoon, N. H. Nashaat, A. S. Ibrahim, A. Mancini-Marie, C. Brandner, and A. C. Evans
Brain Morphology in Autism and Fragile X Syndrome Correlates With Social IQ: First Report From the Canadian-Swiss-Egyptian Neurodevelopmental Study
J Child Neurol,
May 1, 2010;
25(5):
599 - 608.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. L. Rahman, C. Bunce, P. R. Healey, P. Mitchell, P. C. Sham, P. McGuffin, and A. C. Viswanathan
Commingling Analyses of Central Corneal Thickness and Adjusted Intraocular Pressure in an Older Australian Population
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.,
May 1, 2010;
51(5):
2512 - 2518.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Sun, J. C. Gewirtz, L. Bofenkamp, R. J. Wickham, H. Ge, and M. B. O'Connor
Canonical TGF-{beta} Signaling Is Required for the Balance of Excitatory/Inhibitory Transmission within the Hippocampus and Prepulse Inhibition of Acoustic Startle
J. Neurosci.,
April 28, 2010;
30(17):
6025 - 6035.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. H. Hall, G. Taylor, D. F. Salisbury, and D. L. Levy
Sensory Gating Event-Related Potentials and Oscillations in Schizophrenia Patients and Their Unaffected Relatives
Schizophr Bull,
April 2, 2010;
(2010)
sbq027v1.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. E. Calkins, P. Tepper, R. C. Gur, J. D. Ragland, L. Klei, H. W. Wiener, J. Richard, R. M. Savage, T. B. Allen, J. O'Jile, et al.
Project Among African-Americans to Explore Risks for Schizophrenia (PAARTNERS): Evidence for Impairment and Heritability of Neurocognitive Functioning in Families of Schizophrenia Patients
Am J Psychiatry,
April 1, 2010;
167(4):
459 - 472.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. V. Rijsdijsk, E. Viding, S. De Brito, M. Forgiarini, A. Mechelli, A. P. Jones, and E. McCrory
Heritable Variations in Gray Matter Concentration as a Potential Endophenotype for Psychopathic Traits
Arch Gen Psychiatry,
April 1, 2010;
67(4):
406 - 413.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Agarwal, J. D. Port, M. Bazzocchi, and P. F. Renshaw
Update on the Use of MR for Assessment and Diagnosis of Psychiatric Diseases
Radiology,
April 1, 2010;
255(1):
23 - 41.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Wonodi and R. Schwarcz
Cortical Kynurenine Pathway Metabolism: A Novel Target for Cognitive Enhancement in Schizophrenia
Schizophr Bull,
March 1, 2010;
36(2):
211 - 218.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. M. P. O'Tuathaigh and J. L. Waddington
Mutant Mouse Models: Phenotypic Relationships to Domains of Psychopathology and Pathobiology in Schizophrenia
Schizophr Bull,
March 1, 2010;
36(2):
243 - 245.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. A. A van der Plas, A. D. Boes, J. A. Wemmie, D. Tranel, and P. Nopoulos
Amygdala volume correlates positively with fearfulness in normal healthy girls
Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci,
February 11, 2010;
(2010)
nsq009v1.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Oertel, C. Knochel, A. Rotarska-Jagiela, R. Schonmeyer, M. Lindner, V. van de Ven, C. Haenschel, P. Uhlhaas, K. Maurer, and D. E. J. Linden
Reduced Laterality as a Trait Marker ofSchizophrenia--Evidence from Structural and Functional Neuroimaging
J. Neurosci.,
February 10, 2010;
30(6):
2289 - 2299.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Zou, M. M. Carrasquillo, V. S. Pankratz, O. Belbin, K. Morgan, M. Allen, S. L. Wilcox, L. Ma, L. P. Walker, N. Kouri, et al.
Gene expression levels as endophenotypes in genome-wide association studies of Alzheimer disease
Neurology,
February 9, 2010;
74(6):
480 - 486.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. Miller, N. K. Hansell, T. T. Ngo, G. B. Liu, J. D. Pettigrew, N. G. Martin, and M. J. Wright
Genetic contribution to individual variation in binocular rivalry rate
PNAS,
February 9, 2010;
107(6):
2664 - 2668.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Vitart, G. Bencic, C. Hayward, J. S. Herman, J. Huffman, S. Campbell, K. Bucan, L. Zgaga, I. Kolcic, O. Polasek, et al.
Heritabilities of Ocular Biometrical Traits in Two Croatian Isolates with Extended Pedigrees
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.,
February 1, 2010;
51(2):
737 - 743.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. C. Glahn, L. Almasy, M. Barguil, E. Hare, J. M. Peralta, J. W. Kent Jr, A. Dassori, J. Contreras, A. Pacheco, N. Lanzagorta, et al.
Neurocognitive Endophenotypes for Bipolar Disorder Identified in Multiplex Multigenerational Families
Arch Gen Psychiatry,
February 1, 2010;
67(2):
168 - 177.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. P. Harms, L. Wang, C. Campanella, K. Aldridge, A. J. Moffitt, J. Kuelper, J. T. Ratnanather, M. I. Miller, D. M. Barch, and J. G. Csernansky
Structural abnormalities in gyri of the prefrontal cortex in individuals with schizophrenia and their unaffected siblings
The British Journal of Psychiatry,
February 1, 2010;
196(2):
150 - 157.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. R. Grayson, M. Kundakovic, and R. P. Sharma
Is There a Future for Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors in the Pharmacotherapy of Psychiatric Disorders?
Mol. Pharmacol.,
February 1, 2010;
77(2):
126 - 135.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. T. Orosz, J. Feldon, A. E. Simon, L. M. Hilti, K. Gruber, B. K. Yee, and K. Cattapan-Ludewig
Learned Irrelevance and Associative Learning Is Attenuated in Individuals at Risk for Psychosis but not in Asymptomatic First-Degree Relatives of Schizophrenia Patients: Translational State Markers of Psychosis?
Schizophr Bull,
January 15, 2010;
(2010)
sbp165v1.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Smyrnis, E. Kattoulas, N. C. Stefanis, D. Avramopoulos, C. N. Stefanis, and I. Evdokimidis
Schizophrenia-Related Neuregulin-1 Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms Lead to Deficient Smooth Eye Pursuit in a Large Sample of Young Men
Schizophr Bull,
December 4, 2009;
(2009)
sbp150v1.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. A. Yadon, J. M. Bugg, M. A. Kisley, and D. B. Davalos
P50 sensory gating is related to performance on select tasks of cognitive inhibition
Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci,
December 1, 2009;
9(4):
448 - 458.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. C. Need, D. K. Attix, J. M. McEvoy, E. T. Cirulli, K. L. Linney, P. Hunt, D. Ge, E. L. Heinzen, J. M. Maia, K. V. Shianna, et al.
A genome-wide study of common SNPs and CNVs in cognitive performance in the CANTAB
Hum. Mol. Genet.,
December 1, 2009;
18(23):
4650 - 4661.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M.-H. Hall, G. Taylor, P. Sham, K. Schulze, F. Rijsdijk, M. Picchioni, T. Toulopoulou, U. Ettinger, E. Bramon, R. M. Murray, et al.
The Early Auditory Gamma-Band Response Is Heritable and a Putative Endophenotype of Schizophrenia
Schizophr Bull,
November 27, 2009;
(2009)
sbp134v1.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. W. MacDonald III, H. W. Thermenos, D. M. Barch, and L. J. Seidman
Imaging Genetic Liability to Schizophrenia: Systematic Review of fMRI Studies of Patients' Nonpsychotic Relatives
Schizophr Bull,
November 1, 2009;
35(6):
1142 - 1162.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. S. Panizzon, C. Fennema-Notestine, L. T. Eyler, T. L. Jernigan, E. Prom-Wormley, M. Neale, K. Jacobson, M. J. Lyons, M. D. Grant, C. E. Franz, et al.
Distinct Genetic Influences on Cortical Surface Area and Cortical Thickness
Cereb Cortex,
November 1, 2009;
19(11):
2728 - 2735.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Zheng, S. Shafer, G. Liao, H.-H. Liu, and G. Peltz
Computational Genetic Mapping in Mice: The Ship Has Sailed
Science Translational Medicine,
October 21, 2009;
1(3):
3ps4 - 3ps4.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Brent
In Search of Endophenotypes for Suicidal Behavior
Am J Psychiatry,
October 1, 2009;
166(10):
1087 - 1089.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. D. Shriberg, H. L. Lohmeier, T. F. Campbell, C. A. Dollaghan, J. R. Green, and C. A. Moore
A Nonword Repetition Task for Speakers With Misarticulations: The Syllable Repetition Task (SRT)
J Speech Lang Hear Res,
October 1, 2009;
52(5):
1189 - 1212.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. McGirr, M. Alda, M. Seguin, S. Cabot, A. Lesage, and G. Turecki
Familial Aggregation of Suicide Explained by Cluster B Traits: A Three-Group Family Study of Suicide Controlling for Major Depressive Disorder
Am J Psychiatry,
October 1, 2009;
166(10):
1124 - 1134.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Donohoe, J. Walters, D. W. Morris, E. M. Quinn, R. Judge, N. Norton, I. Giegling, A. M. Hartmann, H.-J. Moller, P. Muglia, et al.
Influence of NOS1 on Verbal Intelligence and Working Memory in Both Patients With Schizophrenia and Healthy Control Subjects
Arch Gen Psychiatry,
October 1, 2009;
66(10):
1045 - 1054.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Juselius, T. Kieseppa, J. Kaprio, J. Lonnqvist, and A. Tuulio-Henriksson
Executive Functioning in Twins with Bipolar I Disorder and Healthy Co-Twins
Arch Clin Neuropsychol,
September 1, 2009;
24(6):
599 - 606.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. E. Yerys, G. L. Wallace, B. Harrison, M. J. Celano, J. N. Giedd, and L. E. Kenworthy
Set-shifting in children with autism spectrum disorders: Reversal shifting deficits on the Intradimensional/Extradimensional Shift Test correlate with repetitive behaviors
Autism,
September 1, 2009;
13(5):
523 - 538.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. E. Cahill, Z. Xie, M. Day, H. Photowala, M. V. Barbolina, C. A. Miller, C. Weiss, J. Radulovic, J. D. Sweatt, J. F. Disterhoft, et al.
Kalirin regulates cortical spine morphogenesis and disease-related behavioral phenotypes
PNAS,
August 4, 2009;
106(31):
13058 - 13063.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. H. Barnett, J. Heron, D. Goldman, P. B. Jones, and K. Xu
Effects of Catechol-O-Methyltransferase on Normal Variation in the Cognitive Function of Children
Am J Psychiatry,
August 1, 2009;
166(8):
909 - 916.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Inkster, T. E. Nichols, P. G. Saemann, D. P. Auer, F. Holsboer, P. Muglia, and P. M. Matthews
Association of GSK3{beta} Polymorphisms With Brain Structural Changes in Major Depressive Disorder
Arch Gen Psychiatry,
July 1, 2009;
66(7):
721 - 728.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. C. Venables, E. M. Bernat, and S. R. Sponheim
Genetic and Disorder-Specific Aspects of Resting State EEG Abnormalities in Schizophrenia
Schizophr Bull,
July 1, 2009;
35(4):
826 - 839.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. L. Barrett, C. C. Mulholland, S. J. Cooper, and T. M. Rushe
Patterns of neurocognitive impairment in first-episode bipolar disorder and schizophrenia
The British Journal of Psychiatry,
July 1, 2009;
195(1):
67 - 72.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. M. Goos, J. Crosbie, S. Payne, and R. Schachar
Validation and Extension of the Endophenotype Model in ADHD Patterns of Inheritance in a Family Study of Inhibitory Control
Am J Psychiatry,
June 1, 2009;
166(6):
711 - 717.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Psychiatric GWAS Consortium Coordinating Committee
Genomewide Association Studies: History, Rationale, and Prospects for Psychiatric Disorders
Am J Psychiatry,
May 1, 2009;
166(5):
540 - 556.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Harrison-Read
Models of mania and antimanic drug actions: progressing the endophenotype approach
J Psychopharmacol,
May 1, 2009;
23(3):
334 - 337.
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. W. MacDonald and S. C. Schulz
What We Know: Findings That Every Theory of Schizophrenia Should Explain
Schizophr Bull,
May 1, 2009;
35(3):
493 - 508.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. C. K. Chan, T. Xu, R. W. Heinrichs, Y. Yu, and Y. Wang
Neurological Soft Signs in Schizophrenia: A Meta-analysis
Schizophr Bull,
April 17, 2009;
(2009)
sbp011v1.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K.-S. Lynn, L.-L. Li, Y.-J. Lin, C.-H. Wang, S.-H. Sheng, J.-H. Lin, W. Liao, W.-L. Hsu, and W.-H. Pan
A neural network model for constructing endophenotypes of common complex diseases: an application to male young-onset hypertension microarray data
Bioinformatics,
April 15, 2009;
25(8):
981 - 988.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. He, D. Wang, J. W. Console, J. Zhang, Y. Zheng, and W. Huang
Distribution and Heritability of Iris Thickness and Pupil Size in Chinese: The Guangzhou Twin Eye Study
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.,
April 1, 2009;
50(4):
1593 - 1597.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. T. Compton and E. F. Walker
Physical Manifestations of Neurodevelopmental Disruption: Are Minor Physical Anomalies Part of the Syndrome of Schizophrenia?
Schizophr Bull,
March 1, 2009;
35(2):
425 - 436.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. D. Fallin and A. Matteini
Genetic Epidemiology in Aging Research
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci,
January 23, 2009;
(2009)
gln021v1.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S.-S. Chang, C.-M. Liu, S.-H. Lin, H.-G. Hwu, T. J. Hwang, S. K. Liu, M. H. Hsieh, S.-C. Guo, and W. J. Chen
Impaired Flush Response to Niacin Skin Patch Among Schizophrenia Patients and Their Nonpsychotic Relatives: The Effect of Genetic Loading
Schizophr Bull,
January 1, 2009;
35(1):
213 - 221.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Huisman, A. J Oldehinkel, A. de Winter, R. B Minderaa, A. de Bildt, A. C Huizink, F. C Verhulst, and J. Ormel
Cohort Profile: The Dutch 'TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives' Survey'; TRAILS
Int. J. Epidemiol.,
December 1, 2008;
37(6):
1227 - 1235.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. He, Y.-M. Hur, J. Zhang, X. Ding, W. Huang, and D. Wang
Shared Genetic Determinant of Axial Length, Anterior Chamber Depth, and Angle Opening Distance: The Guangzhou Twin Eye Study
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.,
November 1, 2008;
49(11):
4790 - 4794.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Henquet, M. Di Forti, P. Morrison, R. Kuepper, and R. M. Murray
Gene-Environment Interplay Between Cannabis and Psychosis
Schizophr Bull,
November 1, 2008;
34(6):
1111 - 1121.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. C.Y Wong and G. Schumann
Genetics of addictions: strategies for addressing heterogeneity and polygenicity of substance use disorders
Phil Trans R Soc B,
October 12, 2008;
363(1507):
3213 - 3222.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Zheng, J. Ge, G. Huang, J. Zhang, B. Liu, Y.-M. Hur, and M. He
Heritability of Central Corneal Thickness in Chinese: The Guangzhou Twin Eye Study
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.,
October 1, 2008;
49(10):
4303 - 4307.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Menzies, G. B. Williams, S. R. Chamberlain, C. Ooi, N. Fineberg, J. Suckling, B. J. Sahakian, T. W. Robbins, and E. T. Bullmore
White Matter Abnormalities in Patients With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Their First-Degree Relatives
Am J Psychiatry,
October 1, 2008;
165(10):
1308 - 1315.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Almasy, R. C. Gur, K. Haack, S. A. Cole, M. E. Calkins, J. M. Peralta, E. Hare, K. Prasad, M. F. Pogue-Geile, V. Nimgaonkar, et al.
A Genome Screen for Quantitative Trait Loci Influencing Schizophrenia and Neurocognitive Phenotypes
Am J Psychiatry,
September 1, 2008;
165(9):
1185 - 1192.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. J. C. G. van den Oord, P.-H. Kuo, A. M. Hartmann, B. T. Webb, H.-J. Moller, J. M. Hettema, I. Giegling, J. Bukszar, and D. Rujescu
Genomewide Association Analysis Followed by a Replication Study Implicates a Novel Candidate Gene for Neuroticism
Arch Gen Psychiatry,
September 1, 2008;
65(9):
1062 - 1071.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. A. Hodgkinson, Q. Yuan, K. Xu, P.-H. Shen, E. Heinz, E. A. Lobos, E. B. Binder, J. Cubells, C. L. Ehlers, J. Gelernter, et al.
Addictions Biology: Haplotype-Based Analysis for 130 Candidate Genes on a Single Array
Alcohol Alcohol.,
September 1, 2008;
43(5):
505 - 515.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. P. Horan, J. J. Blanchard, L. A. Clark, and M. F. Green
Affective Traits in Schizophrenia and Schizotypy
Schizophr Bull,
September 1, 2008;
34(5):
856 - 874.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. R. Chamberlain, L. Menzies, A. Hampshire, J. Suckling, N. A. Fineberg, N. del Campo, M. Aitken, K. Craig, A. M. Owen, E. T. Bullmore, et al.
Orbitofrontal Dysfunction in Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Their Unaffected Relatives
Science,
July 18, 2008;
321(5887):
421 - 422.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. M. Prasad and M. S. Keshavan
Structural Cerebral Variations as Useful Endophenotypes in Schizophrenia: Do They Help Construct "Extended Endophenotypes"?
Schizophr Bull,
July 1, 2008;
34(4):
774 - 790.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. K. Hill, M. S. H. Harris, E. S. Herbener, M. Pavuluri, and J. A. Sweeney
Neurocognitive Allied Phenotypes for Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder
Schizophr Bull,
July 1, 2008;
34(4):
743 - 759.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Heckers
Making Progress in Schizophrenia Research
Schizophr Bull,
July 1, 2008;
34(4):
591 - 594.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. K. Thaker
Neurophysiological Endophenotypes Across Bipolar and Schizophrenia Psychosis
Schizophr Bull,
July 1, 2008;
34(4):
760 - 773.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
P.-I Lin and B. D. Mitchell
Approaches for Unraveling the Joint Genetic Determinants of Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder
Schizophr Bull,
July 1, 2008;
34(4):
791 - 797.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Thaker
Psychosis Endophenotypes in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder
Schizophr Bull,
July 1, 2008;
34(4):
720 - 721.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Rietschel, L. Beckmann, J. Strohmaier, A. Georgi, A. Karpushova, F. Schirmbeck, K. V. Boesshenz, C. Schmal, C. Burger, R. A. Jamra, et al.
G72 and Its Association With Major Depression and Neuroticism in Large Population-Based Groups From Germany
Am J Psychiatry,
June 1, 2008;
165(6):
753 - 762.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
Get information about faster international access.
Privacy Policy
Copyright © 2003
American Psychiatric Association.
All rights reserved.
Home
| Search
| Current Issue
| Past Issues
| Subscribe
| All APPI Journals
| Help
| Contact Us
|
