The Endophenotype Concept in Psychiatry: Etymology and Strategic Intentions

doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.4.636



	Full Text
	Full Text (PDF)
	Alert me when this article is cited
	Alert me if a correction is posted
	Citation Map



	Email this article to a Colleague
	Similar articles in this journal
	Similar articles in PubMed
	Alert me to new issues of the journal
	Add to My Articles & Searches
	Download to citation manager



	Citing Articles via HighWire
	Citing Articles via Google Scholar



	Articles by Gottesman, I. I.
	Articles by Gould, T. D.
	Search for Related Content



	PubMed Citation
	Articles by Gottesman, I. I.
	Articles by Gould, T. D.



	Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders
	Genetics

Am J Psychiatry 160:636-645, April 2003
© 2003 American Psychiatric Association

Reviews and Overviews

The Endophenotype Concept in Psychiatry: Etymology and Strategic Intentions

Irving I. Gottesman, Ph.D., Hon. F.R.C.Psych., and Todd D. Gould, M.D.

Endophenotypes, measurable components unseen by the unaidedeye along the pathway between disease and distal genotype, haveemerged as an important concept in the study of complex neuropsychiatricdiseases. An endophenotype may be neurophysiological, biochemical,endocrinological, neuroanatomical, cognitive, or neuropsychological(including configured self-report data) in nature. Endophenotypesrepresent simpler clues to genetic underpinnings than the diseasesyndrome itself, promoting the view that psychiatric diagnosescan be decomposed or deconstructed, which can result in morestraightforward—and successful—genetic analysis.However, to be most useful, endophenotypes for psychiatric disordersmust meet certain criteria, including association with a candidategene or gene region, heritability that is inferred from relativerisk for the disorder in relatives, and disease associationparameters. In addition to furthering genetic analysis, endophenotypescan clarify classification and diagnosis and foster the developmentof animal models. The authors discuss the etymology and strategybehind the use of endophenotypes in neuropsychiatric researchand, more generally, in research on other diseases with complexgenetics.

This article has been cited by other articles:

C. A. Yadon, J. M. Bugg, M. A. Kisley, and D. B. Davalos
P50 sensory gating is related to performance on select tasks of cognitive inhibition
Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci, December 1, 2009; 9(4): 448 - 458.
[Abstract] [PDF]

A. C. Need, D. K. Attix, J. M. McEvoy, E. T. Cirulli, K. L. Linney, P. Hunt, D. Ge, E. L. Heinzen, J. M. Maia, K. V. Shianna, et al.
A genome-wide study of common SNPs and CNVs in cognitive performance in the CANTAB
Hum. Mol. Genet., December 1, 2009; 18(23): 4650 - 4661.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

A. W. MacDonald III, H. W. Thermenos, D. M. Barch, and L. J. Seidman
Imaging Genetic Liability to Schizophrenia: Systematic Review of fMRI Studies of Patients' Nonpsychotic Relatives
Schizophr Bull, November 1, 2009; 35(6): 1142 - 1162.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

M. S. Panizzon, C. Fennema-Notestine, L. T. Eyler, T. L. Jernigan, E. Prom-Wormley, M. Neale, K. Jacobson, M. J. Lyons, M. D. Grant, C. E. Franz, et al.
Distinct Genetic Influences on Cortical Surface Area and Cortical Thickness
Cereb Cortex, November 1, 2009; 19(11): 2728 - 2735.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

M. Zheng, S. Shafer, G. Liao, H.-H. Liu, and G. Peltz
Computational Genetic Mapping in Mice: The Ship Has Sailed
Science Translational Medicine, October 21, 2009; 1(3): 3ps4 - 3ps4.
[Full Text] [PDF]

D. Brent
In Search of Endophenotypes for Suicidal Behavior
Am J Psychiatry, October 1, 2009; 166(10): 1087 - 1089.
[Full Text] [PDF]

L. D. Shriberg, H. L. Lohmeier, T. F. Campbell, C. A. Dollaghan, J. R. Green, and C. A. Moore
A Nonword Repetition Task for Speakers With Misarticulations: The Syllable Repetition Task (SRT)
J Speech Lang Hear Res, October 1, 2009; 52(5): 1189 - 1212.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

A. McGirr, M. Alda, M. Seguin, S. Cabot, A. Lesage, and G. Turecki
Familial Aggregation of Suicide Explained by Cluster B Traits: A Three-Group Family Study of Suicide Controlling for Major Depressive Disorder
Am J Psychiatry, October 1, 2009; 166(10): 1124 - 1134.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

G. Donohoe, J. Walters, D. W. Morris, E. M. Quinn, R. Judge, N. Norton, I. Giegling, A. M. Hartmann, H.-J. Moller, P. Muglia, et al.
Influence of NOS1 on Verbal Intelligence and Working Memory in Both Patients With Schizophrenia and Healthy Control Subjects
Arch Gen Psychiatry, October 1, 2009; 66(10): 1045 - 1054.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

S. Juselius, T. Kieseppa, J. Kaprio, J. Lonnqvist, and A. Tuulio-Henriksson
Executive Functioning in Twins with Bipolar I Disorder and Healthy Co-Twins
Arch Clin Neuropsychol, September 1, 2009; 24(6): 599 - 606.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

B. E. Yerys, G. L. Wallace, B. Harrison, M. J. Celano, J. N. Giedd, and L. E. Kenworthy
Set-shifting in children with autism spectrum disorders: Reversal shifting deficits on the Intradimensional/Extradimensional Shift Test correlate with repetitive behaviors
Autism, September 1, 2009; 13(5): 523 - 538.
[Abstract] [PDF]

M. E. Cahill, Z. Xie, M. Day, H. Photowala, M. V. Barbolina, C. A. Miller, C. Weiss, J. Radulovic, J. D. Sweatt, J. F. Disterhoft, et al.
Kalirin regulates cortical spine morphogenesis and disease-related behavioral phenotypes
PNAS, August 4, 2009; 106(31): 13058 - 13063.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

J. H. Barnett, J. Heron, D. Goldman, P. B. Jones, and K. Xu
Effects of Catechol-O-Methyltransferase on Normal Variation in the Cognitive Function of Children
Am J Psychiatry, August 1, 2009; 166(8): 909 - 916.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

B. Inkster, T. E. Nichols, P. G. Saemann, D. P. Auer, F. Holsboer, P. Muglia, and P. M. Matthews
Association of GSK3{beta} Polymorphisms With Brain Structural Changes in Major Depressive Disorder
Arch Gen Psychiatry, July 1, 2009; 66(7): 721 - 728.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

N. C. Venables, E. M. Bernat, and S. R. Sponheim
Genetic and Disorder-Specific Aspects of Resting State EEG Abnormalities in Schizophrenia
Schizophr Bull, July 1, 2009; 35(4): 826 - 839.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

S. L. Barrett, C. C. Mulholland, S. J. Cooper, and T. M. Rushe
Patterns of neurocognitive impairment in first-episode bipolar disorder and schizophrenia
The British Journal of Psychiatry, July 1, 2009; 195(1): 67 - 72.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

L. M. Goos, J. Crosbie, S. Payne, and R. Schachar
Validation and Extension of the Endophenotype Model in ADHD Patterns of Inheritance in a Family Study of Inhibitory Control
Am J Psychiatry, June 1, 2009; 166(6): 711 - 717.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Psychiatric GWAS Consortium Coordinating Committee
Genomewide Association Studies: History, Rationale, and Prospects for Psychiatric Disorders
Am J Psychiatry, May 1, 2009; 166(5): 540 - 556.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

P. Harrison-Read
Models of mania and antimanic drug actions: progressing the endophenotype approach
J Psychopharmacol, May 1, 2009; 23(3): 334 - 337.
[PDF]

A. W. MacDonald and S. C. Schulz
What We Know: Findings That Every Theory of Schizophrenia Should Explain
Schizophr Bull, May 1, 2009; 35(3): 493 - 508.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

R. C. K. Chan, T. Xu, R. W. Heinrichs, Y. Yu, and Y. Wang
Neurological Soft Signs in Schizophrenia: A Meta-analysis
Schizophr Bull, April 17, 2009; (2009) sbp011v1.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

K.-S. Lynn, L.-L. Li, Y.-J. Lin, C.-H. Wang, S.-H. Sheng, J.-H. Lin, W. Liao, W.-L. Hsu, and W.-H. Pan
A neural network model for constructing endophenotypes of common complex diseases: an application to male young-onset hypertension microarray data
Bioinformatics, April 15, 2009; 25(8): 981 - 988.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

M. He, D. Wang, J. W. Console, J. Zhang, Y. Zheng, and W. Huang
Distribution and Heritability of Iris Thickness and Pupil Size in Chinese: The Guangzhou Twin Eye Study
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., April 1, 2009; 50(4): 1593 - 1597.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

K. M. Prasad, L. Almasy, R. C. Gur, R. E. Gur, M. Pogue-Geile, K. V. Chowdari, M. E. Talkowski, and V. L. Nimgaonkar
RGS4 Polymorphisms Associated With Variability of Cognitive Performance in a Family-Based Schizophrenia Sample
Schizophr Bull, March 12, 2009; (2009) sbp002v1.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

M. T. Compton and E. F. Walker
Physical Manifestations of Neurodevelopmental Disruption: Are Minor Physical Anomalies Part of the Syndrome of Schizophrenia?
Schizophr Bull, March 1, 2009; 35(2): 425 - 436.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

M. D. Fallin and A. Matteini
Genetic Epidemiology in Aging Research
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, January 23, 2009; (2009) gln021v1.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

S.-S. Chang, C.-M. Liu, S.-H. Lin, H.-G. Hwu, T. J. Hwang, S. K. Liu, M. H. Hsieh, S.-C. Guo, and W. J. Chen
Impaired Flush Response to Niacin Skin Patch Among Schizophrenia Patients and Their Nonpsychotic Relatives: The Effect of Genetic Loading
Schizophr Bull, January 1, 2009; 35(1): 213 - 221.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

M. Huisman, A. J Oldehinkel, A. de Winter, R. B Minderaa, A. de Bildt, A. C Huizink, F. C Verhulst, and J. Ormel
Cohort Profile: The Dutch 'TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives' Survey'; TRAILS
Int. J. Epidemiol., December 1, 2008; 37(6): 1227 - 1235.
[Full Text] [PDF]

J. P. Koning, D. E Tenback, J. van Os, A. Aleman, R. S. Kahn, and P. N. van Harten
Dyskinesia and Parkinsonism in Antipsychotic-Naive Patients With Schizophrenia, First-Degree Relatives and Healthy Controls: A Meta-analysis
Schizophr Bull, November 5, 2008; (2008) sbn146v1.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

M. He, Y.-M. Hur, J. Zhang, X. Ding, W. Huang, and D. Wang
Shared Genetic Determinant of Axial Length, Anterior Chamber Depth, and Angle Opening Distance: The Guangzhou Twin Eye Study
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., November 1, 2008; 49(11): 4790 - 4794.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

C. Henquet, M. Di Forti, P. Morrison, R. Kuepper, and R. M. Murray
Gene-Environment Interplay Between Cannabis and Psychosis
Schizophr Bull, November 1, 2008; 34(6): 1111 - 1121.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

C. C.Y Wong and G. Schumann
Genetics of addictions: strategies for addressing heterogeneity and polygenicity of substance use disorders
Phil Trans R Soc B, October 12, 2008; 363(1507): 3213 - 3222.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Y. Zheng, J. Ge, G. Huang, J. Zhang, B. Liu, Y.-M. Hur, and M. He
Heritability of Central Corneal Thickness in Chinese: The Guangzhou Twin Eye Study
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., October 1, 2008; 49(10): 4303 - 4307.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

L. Menzies, G. B. Williams, S. R. Chamberlain, C. Ooi, N. Fineberg, J. Suckling, B. J. Sahakian, T. W. Robbins, and E. T. Bullmore
White Matter Abnormalities in Patients With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Their First-Degree Relatives
Am J Psychiatry, October 1, 2008; 165(10): 1308 - 1315.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

L. Almasy, R. C. Gur, K. Haack, S. A. Cole, M. E. Calkins, J. M. Peralta, E. Hare, K. Prasad, M. F. Pogue-Geile, V. Nimgaonkar, et al.
A Genome Screen for Quantitative Trait Loci Influencing Schizophrenia and Neurocognitive Phenotypes
Am J Psychiatry, September 1, 2008; 165(9): 1185 - 1192.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

E. J. C. G. van den Oord, P.-H. Kuo, A. M. Hartmann, B. T. Webb, H.-J. Moller, J. M. Hettema, I. Giegling, J. Bukszar, and D. Rujescu
Genomewide Association Analysis Followed by a Replication Study Implicates a Novel Candidate Gene for Neuroticism
Arch Gen Psychiatry, September 1, 2008; 65(9): 1062 - 1071.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

C. A. Hodgkinson, Q. Yuan, K. Xu, P.-H. Shen, E. Heinz, E. A. Lobos, E. B. Binder, J. Cubells, C. L. Ehlers, J. Gelernter, et al.
Addictions Biology: Haplotype-Based Analysis for 130 Candidate Genes on a Single Array
Alcohol Alcohol., September 1, 2008; 43(5): 505 - 515.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

W. P. Horan, J. J. Blanchard, L. A. Clark, and M. F. Green
Affective Traits in Schizophrenia and Schizotypy
Schizophr Bull, September 1, 2008; 34(5): 856 - 874.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

S. R. Chamberlain, L. Menzies, A. Hampshire, J. Suckling, N. A. Fineberg, N. del Campo, M. Aitken, K. Craig, A. M. Owen, E. T. Bullmore, et al.
Orbitofrontal Dysfunction in Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Their Unaffected Relatives
Science, July 18, 2008; 321(5887): 421 - 422.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

E. Leibenluft and B. A. Rich
Pediatric Bipolar Disorder
Focus, July 1, 2008; 6(3): 331 - 347.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

K. M. Prasad and M. S. Keshavan
Structural Cerebral Variations as Useful Endophenotypes in Schizophrenia: Do They Help Construct "Extended Endophenotypes"?
Schizophr Bull, July 1, 2008; 34(4): 774 - 790.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

S. K. Hill, M. S. H. Harris, E. S. Herbener, M. Pavuluri, and J. A. Sweeney
Neurocognitive Allied Phenotypes for Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder
Schizophr Bull, July 1, 2008; 34(4): 743 - 759.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

S. Heckers
Making Progress in Schizophrenia Research
Schizophr Bull, July 1, 2008; 34(4): 591 - 594.
[Full Text] [PDF]

G. K. Thaker
Neurophysiological Endophenotypes Across Bipolar and Schizophrenia Psychosis
Schizophr Bull, July 1, 2008; 34(4): 760 - 773.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

P.-I Lin and B. D. Mitchell
Approaches for Unraveling the Joint Genetic Determinants of Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder
Schizophr Bull, July 1, 2008; 34(4): 791 - 797.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

G. Thaker
Psychosis Endophenotypes in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder
Schizophr Bull, July 1, 2008; 34(4): 720 - 721.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

M. Rietschel, L. Beckmann, J. Strohmaier, A. Georgi, A. Karpushova, F. Schirmbeck, K. V. Boesshenz, C. Schmal, C. Burger, R. A. Jamra, et al.
G72 and Its Association With Major Depression and Neuroticism in Large Population-Based Groups From Germany
Am J Psychiatry, June 1, 2008; 165(6): 753 - 762.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

D. D. Schocken, E. J. Benjamin, G. C. Fonarow, H. M. Krumholz, D. Levy, G. A. Mensah, J. Narula, E. S. Shor, J. B. Young, and Y. Hong
Prevention of Heart Failure: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Councils on Epidemiology and Prevention, Clinical Cardiology, Cardiovascular Nursing, and High Blood Pressure Research; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group; and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Group
Circulation, May 13, 2008; 117(19): 2544 - 2565.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

C. J. Schmidt, D. S. Chapin, J. Cianfrogna, M. L. Corman, M. Hajos, J. F. Harms, W. E. Hoffman, L. A. Lebel, S. A. McCarthy, F. R. Nelson, et al.
Preclinical Characterization of Selective Phosphodiesterase 10A Inhibitors: A New Therapeutic Approach to the Treatment of Schizophrenia
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., May 1, 2008; 325(2): 681 - 690.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

N. J. Bray
Gene Expression in the Etiology of Schizophrenia
Schizophr Bull, May 1, 2008; 34(3): 412 - 418.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

F. Vila-Rodriguez, L. French, V. Barakauskas, C.-L. Mead, and B. Khorram
Thalamic Shape: A Possible Endophenotype
J. Neurosci., April 2, 2008; 28(14): 3533 - 3534.
[Full Text] [PDF]

M. He, B. Liu, W. Huang, J. Zhang, Q. Yin, Y. Zheng, D. Wang, and J. Ge
Heritability of Optic Disc and Cup Measured by the Heidelberg Retinal Tomography in Chinese: The Guangzhou Twin Eye Study
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., April 1, 2008; 49(4): 1350 - 1355.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

M. He, J. Ge, D. Wang, J. Zhang, A. W. Hewitt, Y.-M. Hur, D. A. Mackey, and P. J. Foster
Heritability of the Iridotrabecular Angle Width Measured by Optical Coherence Tomography in Chinese Children: The Guangzhou Twin Eye Study
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., April 1, 2008; 49(4): 1356 - 1361.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

R. A. Zucker, J. E. Donovan, A. S. Masten, M. E. Mattson, and H. B. Moss
Early Developmental Processes and the Continuity of Risk for Underage Drinking and Problem Drinking
Pediatrics, April 1, 2008; 121(Supplement_4): S252 - S272.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

M. A. Brotman, A. E. Guyer, E. S. Lawson, S. E. Horsey, B. A. Rich, D. P. Dickstein, D. S. Pine, and E. Leibenluft
Facial Emotion Labeling Deficits in Children and Adolescents at Risk for Bipolar Disorder
Am J Psychiatry, March 1, 2008; 165(3): 385 - 389.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

D. M. Dick, F. Aliev, J. C. Wang, R. A. Grucza, M. Schuckit, S. Kuperman, J. Kramer, A. Hinrichs, S. Bertelsen, J. P. Budde, et al.
Using Dimensional Models of Externalizing Psychopathology to Aid in Gene Identification
Arch Gen Psychiatry, March 1, 2008; 65(3): 310 - 318.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

M. He, D. Wang, Y. Zheng, J. Zhang, Q. Yin, W. Huang, D. A. Mackey, and P. J. Foster
Heritability of Anterior Chamber Depth as an Intermediate Phenotype of Angle-Closure in Chinese: The Guangzhou Twin Eye Study
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., January 1, 2008; 49(1): 81 - 86.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

M. P. Harms, L. Wang, D. Mamah, D. M. Barch, P. A. Thompson, and J. G. Csernansky
Thalamic Shape Abnormalities in Individuals with Schizophrenia and Their Nonpsychotic Siblings
J. Neurosci., December 12, 2007; 27(50): 13835 - 13842.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

L. Menzies, S. Achard, S. R. Chamberlain, N. Fineberg, C.-H. Chen, N. del Campo, B. J. Sahakian, T. W. Robbins, and E. Bullmore
Neurocognitive endophenotypes of obsessive-compulsive disorder
Brain, December 1, 2007; 130(12): 3223 - 3236.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

W. Li, Y. Zhou, J. D. Jentsch, R. A. M. Brown, X. Tian, D. Ehninger, W. Hennah, L. Peltonen, J. Lonnqvist, M. O. Huttunen, et al.
Specific developmental disruption of disrupted-in-schizophrenia-1 function results in schizophrenia-related phenotypes in mice
PNAS, November 13, 2007; 104(46): 18280 - 18285.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

T. A. Greenwood, D. L. Braff, G. A. Light, K. S. Cadenhead, M. E. Calkins, D. J. Dobie, R. Freedman, M. F. Green, R. E. Gur, R. C. Gur, et al.
Initial Heritability Analyses of Endophenotypic Measures for Schizophrenia: The Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia
Arch Gen Psychiatry, November 1, 2007; 64(11): 1242 - 1250.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

E. van Duijn, E.M. Kingma, and R.C. van der Mast
Psychopathology in Verified Huntington's Disease Gene Carriers
J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, November 1, 2007; 19(4): 441 - 448.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

O. M. de Wilde, L. J. Bour, P. M. Dingemans, J. H. T. M. Koelman, and D. H. Linszen
Failure to Find P50 Suppression Deficits in Young First-Episode Patients With Schizophrenia and Clinically Unaffected Siblings
Schizophr Bull, November 1, 2007; 33(6): 1319 - 1323.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

J. Blechert, T. Michael, P. Grossman, M. Lajtman, and F. H. Wilhelm
Autonomic and Respiratory Characteristics of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Panic Disorder
Psychosom Med, November 1, 2007; 69(9): 935 - 943.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

O. M. Palo, M. Antila, K. Silander, W. Hennah, H. Kilpinen, P. Soronen, A. Tuulio-Henriksson, T. Kieseppa, T. Partonen, J. Lonnqvist, et al.
Association of distinct allelic haplotypes of DISC1 with psychotic and bipolar spectrum disorders and with underlying cognitive impairments
Hum. Mol. Genet., October 15, 2007; 16(20): 2517 - 2528.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

L. A. Ray and K. E. Hutchison
Effects of Naltrexone on Alcohol Sensitivity and Genetic Moderators of Medication Response: A Double-blind Placebo-Controlled Study
Arch Gen Psychiatry, September 1, 2007; 64(9): 1069 - 1077.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

E. J. Davies
Developmental aspects of schizophrenia and related disorders: possible implications for treatment strategies
Adv. Psychiatr. Treat., September 1, 2007; 13(5): 384 - 391.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

M. Wichers, I. Myin-Germeys, N. Jacobs, F. Peeters, G. Kenis, C. Derom, R. Vlietinck, P. Delespaul, and J. Van Os
Genetic risk of depression and stress-induced negative affect in daily life
The British Journal of Psychiatry, September 1, 2007; 191(3): 218 - 223.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

O. van der Stelt and A. Belger
Application of Electroencephalography to the Study of Cognitive and Brain Functions in Schizophrenia
Schizophr Bull, July 1, 2007; 33(4): 955 - 970.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

C. A. Tamminga and J. M. Davis
The Neuropharmacology of Psychosis
Schizophr Bull, July 1, 2007; 33(4): 937 - 946.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

F. M. Benes
Searching for Unique Endophenotypes for Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Within Neural Circuits and Their Molecular Regulatory Mechanisms
Schizophr Bull, July 1, 2007; 33(4): 932 - 936.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

F. M. Benes, B. Lim, D. Matzilevich, J. P. Walsh, S. Subburaju, and M. Minns
Regulation of the GABA cell phenotype in hippocampus of schizophrenics and bipolars
PNAS, June 12, 2007; 104(24): 10164 - 10169.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

G. E. Swan, C. N. Lessov-Schlaggar, R. E. Krasnow, K. C. Wilhelmsen, P. Jacob III, and N. L. Benowitz
Genetic and Environmental Sources of Variation in Heart Rate Response to Infused Nicotine in Twins
Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., June 1, 2007; 16(6): 1057 - 1064.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

D. Braff, N. J. Schork, and I. I. Gottesman
Endophenotyping Schizophrenia
Am J Psychiatry, May 1, 2007; 164(5): 705 - 707.
[Full Text] [PDF]

M.-H. Hall, F. Rijsdijk, M. Picchioni, K. Schulze, U. Ettinger, T. Toulopoulou, E. Bramon, R. M. Murray, and P. Sham
Substantial Shared Genetic Influences on Schizophrenia and Event-Related Potentials
Am J Psychiatry, May 1, 2007; 164(5): 804 - 812.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

R. E. Gur, V. L. Nimgaonkar, L. Almasy, M. E. Calkins, J. D. Ragland, M. F. Pogue-Geile, S. Kanes, J. Blangero, and R. C. Gur
Neurocognitive Endophenotypes in a Multiplex Multigenerational Family Study of Schizophrenia
Am J Psychiatry, May 1, 2007; 164(5): 813 - 819.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Get information about faster international access.