Full Text Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Email this article to a Colleague Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to My Articles & Searches Download to citation manager Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Articles by Devanand, D.P. Articles by Mayeux, R. Search for Related Content PubMed Citation Articles by Devanand, D.P. Articles by Mayeux, R. Geriatric Psychiatry Alzheimer's Disease Dementias (General) Cognition Neurodegeneration

Olfactory Deficits in Patients With Mild Cognitive Impairment Predict Alzheimer’s Disease at Follow-Up

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the predictive utility of olfactory identification deficits in patients with mild cognitive impairment for follow-up diagnosis of probable Alzheimer’s disease. METHOD: Ninety outpatients with mild cognitive impairment were examined at 6-month intervals. Matched healthy comparison subjects (N=45) were examined annually. The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test was given at baseline. RESULTS: Olfaction scores were lower in patients with mild cognitive impairment than in healthy comparison subjects. Seventy-seven patients were followed up; 19 were diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease by 2 years. Patients with low olfaction scores (34 of 40), and patients with low olfaction scores who reported no subjective problems smelling, were more likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease than other patients. In a Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for age, sex, modified Mini-Mental State score, and education, low olfaction scores did not predict time until development of Alzheimer’s disease, but low olfaction scores accompanied by lack of awareness of olfactory deficits predicted time to development of Alzheimer’s disease. This effect remained when attention or memory measures replaced modified Mini-Mental State score in the model. In patients with high Mini-Mental State scores (27 of 30), low olfaction with lack of awareness remained a significant predictor of Alzheimer’s disease. Olfaction scores of 30–35 showed moderate to strong sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with mild cognitive impairment, olfactory identification deficits, particularly with lack of awareness of olfactory deficits, may have clinical utility as an early diagnostic marker for Alzheimer’s disease.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				L Silveira-Moriyama, P Schwingenschuh, A O'Donnell, S A Schneider, P Mir, F Carrillo, C Terranova, A Petrie, D G Grosset, N P Quinn, et al. Olfaction in patients with suspected parkinsonism and scans without evidence of dopaminergic deficit (SWEDDs) J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, July 1, 2009; 80(7): 744 - 748. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. J. Goodrich-Hunsaker, P. E. Gilbert, and R. O. Hopkins The Role of the Human Hippocampus in Odor-Place Associative Memory Chem Senses, July 1, 2009; 34(6): 513 - 521. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S S Williams, J Williams, M Combrinck, S Christie, A D Smith, and R McShane Olfactory impairment is more marked in patients with mild dementia with Lewy bodies than those with mild Alzheimer disease J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, June 1, 2009; 80(6): 667 - 670. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Chertkow, F. Massoud, Z. Nasreddine, S. Belleville, Y. Joanette, C. Bocti, V. Drolet, J. Kirk, M. Freedman, and H. Bergman Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia: 3. Mild Cognitive Impairment and Cognitive Impairment Without Dementia Focus, January 1, 2009; 7(1): 64 - 78. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. FUSARI and S. BALLESTEROS Identification of odors of edible and nonedible stimuli as affected by age and gender Behav Res Methods, August 1, 2008; 40(3): 752 - 759. [Abstract] [PDF]

				H. Chertkow MD, F. Massoud MD, Z. Nasreddine MD, S. Belleville PhD, Y. Joanette PhD, C. Bocti MD, V. Drolet BSc, J. Kirk MD, M. Freedman MD, and H. Bergman MD Diagnosis and treatment of dementia: 3. Mild cognitive impairment and cognitive impairment without dementia Can. Med. Assoc. J., May 6, 2008; 178(10): 1273 - 1285. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. J Anstey Problems identifying odours predicts mild cognitive impairment in the elderly Evid. Based Ment. Health, May 1, 2008; 11(2): 40 - 40. [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. S. Wilson, P. A. Scherr, J. A. Schneider, Y. Tang, and D. A. Bennett Relation of cognitive activity to risk of developing Alzheimer disease Neurology, November 13, 2007; 69(20): 1911 - 1920. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. S. Knopman, S. D. Edland, R. H. Cha, R. C. Petersen, and W. A. Rocca Incident dementia in women is preceded by weight loss by at least a decade Neurology, August 21, 2007; 69(8): 739 - 746. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. S. Wilson, J. A. Schneider, S. E. Arnold, Y. Tang, P. A. Boyle, and D. A. Bennett Olfactory Identification and Incidence of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Older Age Arch Gen Psychiatry, July 1, 2007; 64(7): 802 - 808. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R S Wilson, S E Arnold, J A Schneider, Y Tang, and D A Bennett The relationship between cerebral Alzheimer's disease pathology and odour identification in old age J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, January 1, 2007; 78(1): 30 - 35. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. H. Tabert, J. J. Manly, X. Liu, G. H. Pelton, S. Rosenblum, M. Jacobs, D. Zamora, M. Goodkind, K. Bell, Y. Stern, et al. Neuropsychological prediction of conversion to Alzheimer disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Arch Gen Psychiatry, August 1, 2006; 63(8): 916 - 924. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. D. Hanning Postoperative cognitive dysfunction Br. J. Anaesth., July 1, 2005; 95(1): 82 - 87. [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. P. Devanand, G. H. Pelton, D. Zamora, X. Liu, M. H. Tabert, M. Goodkind, N. Scarmeas, I. Braun, Y. Stern, and R. Mayeux Predictive Utility of Apolipoprotein E Genotype for Alzheimer Disease in Outpatients With Mild Cognitive Impairment Arch Neurol, June 1, 2005; 62(6): 975 - 980. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. L. Doty Clinical Studies of Olfaction Chem Senses, January 1, 2005; 30(suppl_1): i207 - i209. [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Larsson, L.-G. Nilsson, J. K. Olofsson, and S. Nordin Demographic and Cognitive Predictors of Cued Odor Identification: Evidence from a Population-based Study Chem Senses, July 1, 2004; 29(6): 547 - 554. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. M. Peters, T. Hummel, T. Kratzsch, J. Lotsch, C. Skarke, and L. Frolich Olfactory Function in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease: An Investigation Using Psychophysical and Electrophysiological Techniques Am J Psychiatry, November 1, 2003; 160(11): 1995 - 2002. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. J. Kier and V. Molinari "Do-It-Yourself" Dementia Testing: Issues Regarding an Alzheimer's Home Screening Test Gerontologist, June 1, 2003; 43(3): 295 - 301. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. H. Tabert, S. M. Albert, L. Borukhova-Milov, Y. Camacho, G. Pelton, X. Liu, Y. Stern, and D. P. Devanand Functional deficits in patients with mild cognitive impairment: Prediction of AD Neurology, March 12, 2002; 58(5): 758 - 764. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Can Poor Olfaction Predict Subsequent Alzheimer's Disease? Journal Watch Psychiatry, October 18, 2000; 2000(1018): 9 - 9. [Full Text]

Get information about faster international access.

Privacy Policy

Copyright © 2000 American Psychiatric Association. All rights reserved.

Home | Search | Current Issue | Past Issues | Subscribe | All APPI Journals | Help | Contact Us