Full Text Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Email this article to a Colleague Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to My Articles & Searches Download to citation manager Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Articles by Glassman, A. H. Articles by Shapiro, P. A. Search for Related Content PubMed Citation Articles by Glassman, A. H. Articles by Shapiro, P. A.

Depression and the Course of Coronary Artery Disease

Literature and folk wisdom have long linked depression and death; however, only recently have scientific studies examined the relation between them. Beginning in the 1970s, investigators compared mortality among patients treated for major depression and the general population. Nine of ten studies found an increased mortality from cardiovascular disease among depressed patients. However, such studies confound the relation between depression and its treatment. Community surveys circumvent this difficulty, but as these studies began to appear, other investigations revealed the strong association between depression and cigarette smoking, which made obvious a need to control for smoking. The first study to do this appeared in 1993, and not only did a relation between depression and mortality persist, but a relation between depression and the development of ischemic disease was revealed. In the past 2 years, six more community surveys have followed populations initially free of disease, and five have observed an increased risk of ischemic heart disease among depressed persons. Another research strategy is to start with subjects who have preexisting cardiovascular disease. Here, too, depression has consistently been associated with a worse outcome. In one well-designed study, patients with depression in the period immediately after a myocardial infarction were 3.5 times more likely to die than nondepressed patients. The basis of this association remains speculative. However, it is likely that the changes in the autonomic nervous system and platelets that are seen in depression account for a substantial portion of the association. (Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155:4–11)

This article has been cited by other articles:

				M. S Kopp, A. Stauder, G. Purebl, I. Janszky, and A. Skrabski Work stress and mental health in a changing society Eur J Public Health, June 1, 2008; 18(3): 238 - 244. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Depression, antidepressants and heart disease DTB, April 1, 2008; 46(4): 29 - 32. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Kojima, J. Hayano, H. Fukuta, S. Sakata, S. Mukai, N. Ohte, H. Seno, T. Toriyama, H. Kawahara, T. A. Furukawa, et al. Loss of Fractal Heart Rate Dynamics in Depressive Hemodialysis Patients Psychosom Med, February 1, 2008; 70(2): 177 - 185. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. Vaccarino, C. McClure, B. D. Johnson, D. S. Sheps, V. Bittner, T. Rutledge, L. J. Shaw, G. Sopko, M. B. Olson, D. S. Krantz, et al. Depression, the Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Risk Psychosom Med, January 1, 2008; 70(1): 40 - 48. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Herbst, R. H. Pietrzak, J. Wagner, W. B. White, and N. M. Petry Lifetime Major Depression is Associated With Coronary Heart Disease in Older Adults: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions Psychosom Med, October 1, 2007; 69(8): 729 - 734. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Blank, M. Grimsley, E. Goyder, E. Ellis, and J. Peters Community-based lifestyle interventions: changing behaviour and improving health J. Public Health Med., September 1, 2007; 29(3): 236 - 245. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. F. Zoeller JR Physical Activity: Depression, Anxiety, Physical Activity, and Cardiovascular Disease: What's the Connection? American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, May 1, 2007; 1(3): 175 - 180. [Abstract] [PDF]

				R. M. Carney, W. B. Howells, J. A. Blumenthal, K. E. Freedland, P. K. Stein, L. F. Berkman, L. L. Watkins, S. M. Czajkowski, B. Steinmeyer, J. Hayano, et al. Heart Rate Turbulence, Depression, and Survival After Acute Myocardial Infarction Psychosom Med, January 1, 2007; 69(1): 4 - 9. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. S. McIntyre, J. Z. Konarski, D. A. Mancini, K. A. Fulton, S. V. Parikh, S. Grigoriadis, L. A. Grupp, D. Bakish, M.-J. Filteau, C. Gorman, et al. Measuring the severity of depression and remission in primary care: validation of the HAMD-7 scale Can. Med. Assoc. J., November 22, 2005; 173(11): 1327 - 1334. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Kosloski, D. E. Stull, K. Kercher, and D. J. Van Dussen Longitudinal Analysis of the Reciprocal Effects of Self-Assessed Global Health and Depressive Symptoms J. Gerontol. B. Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci., November 1, 2005; 60(6): P296 - P303. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. R. Benazon, M. M. Mamdani, and J. C. Coyne Trends in the Prescribing of Antidepressants Following Acute Myocardial Infarction, 1993-2002 Psychosom Med, November 1, 2005; 67(6): 916 - 920. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Ringback Weitoft and M. Rosen Is perceived nervousness and anxiety a predictor of premature mortality and severe morbidity? A longitudinal follow up of the Swedish survey of living conditions J. Epidemiol. Community Health, September 1, 2005; 59(9): 794 - 798. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Gomez-Caminero, W. A. Blumentals, L. J. Russo, R. R. Brown, and R. Castilla-Puentes Does Panic Disorder Increase the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease? A Cohort Study of a National Managed Care Database Psychosom Med, September 1, 2005; 67(5): 688 - 691. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. R. Wulsin, J. C. Evans, R. S. Vasan, J. M. Murabito, M. Kelly-Hayes, and E. J. Benjamin Depressive Symptoms, Coronary Heart Disease, and Overall Mortality in the Framingham Heart Study Psychosom Med, September 1, 2005; 67(5): 697 - 702. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. S. Cox, S. Feng, J. Canar, M. M. Ford, and K. P. Tercyak Social and Behavioral Correlates of Cigarette Smoking among Mid-Atlantic Latino Primary Care Patients Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., August 1, 2005; 14(8): 1976 - 1980. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. M. Carney, J. A. Blumenthal, K. E. Freedland, P. K. Stein, W. B. Howells, L. F. Berkman, L. L. Watkins, S. M. Czajkowski, J. Hayano, P. P. Domitrovich, et al. Low Heart Rate Variability and the Effect of Depression on Post-Myocardial Infarction Mortality Arch Intern Med, July 11, 2005; 165(13): 1486 - 1491. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. G. Kahl, M. Bester, W. Greggersen, S. Rudolf, L. Dibbelt, B. M. Stoeckelhuber, H.-B. Gehl, V. Sipos, F. Hohagen, and U. Schweiger Visceral Fat Deposition and Insulin Sensitivity in Depressed Women With and Without Comorbid Borderline Personality Disorder Psychosom Med, May 1, 2005; 67(3): 407 - 412. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. M. Carney, K. E. Freedland, and R. C. Veith Depression, the Autonomic Nervous System, and Coronary Heart Disease Psychosom Med, May 1, 2005; 67(Supplement_1): S29 - S33. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. K. Schulman, P. R. Muskin, and P. A. Shapiro Psychiatry and Cardiovascular Disease Focus, April 1, 2005; 3(2): 208 - 224. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Marzari, S. Maggi, E. Manzato, C. Destro, M. Noale, D. Bianchi, N. Minicuci, G. Farchi, M. Baldereschi, A. Di Carlo, et al. Depressive Symptoms and Development of Coronary Heart Disease Events: The Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., January 1, 2005; 60(1): 85 - 92. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Wilhelm, B. Kotze, M. Waterhouse, D. Hadzi-Pavlovic, and G. Parker Screening for Depression in the Medically Ill: A Comparison of Self-Report Measures, Clinician Judgment, and DSM-IV Diagnoses Psychosomatics, December 1, 2004; 45(6): 461 - 469. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. J. Giltay, J. M. Geleijnse, F. G. Zitman, T. Hoekstra, and E. G. Schouten Dispositional Optimism and All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in a Prospective Cohort of Elderly Dutch Men and Women Arch Gen Psychiatry, November 1, 2004; 61(11): 1126 - 1135. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. C. Suarez C-Reactive Protein Is Associated With Psychological Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease in Apparently Healthy Adults Psychosom Med, September 1, 2004; 66(5): 684 - 691. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. A. Llano and R. S. Abernethy III Severe Depression, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Pulmonary Embolism Psychosomatics, August 1, 2004; 45(4): 364 - 365. [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. E. Ford and T. P. Erlinger Depression and C-Reactive Protein in US Adults: Data From the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Arch Intern Med, May 10, 2004; 164(9): 1010 - 1014. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. F. Gitlin, J. L. Levenson, and C. G. Lyketsos Psychosomatic Medicine: A New Psychiatric Subspecialty Acad Psychiatry, March 1, 2004; 28(1): 4 - 11. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. W. Davidson, N. Rieckmann, and F. Lesperance Psychological Theories of Depression: Potential Application for the Prevention of Acute Coronary Syndrome Recurrence Psychosom Med, March 1, 2004; 66(2): 165 - 173. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. G. Lyketsos and H. Lee Commentary: Insulin Resistance as a Link Between Affective Disorder and Alzheimer's Disease: A Hypothesis in Need of Further Refinement J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., February 1, 2004; 59(2): M185 - 187. [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. L. Serebruany, A. H. Glassman, A. I. Malinin, C. B. Nemeroff, D. L. Musselman, L. T. van Zyl, M. S. Finkel, K. R. R. Krishnan, M. Gaffney, W. Harrison, et al. Platelet/Endothelial Biomarkers in Depressed Patients Treated With the Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Sertraline After Acute Coronary Events: The Sertraline AntiDepressant Heart Attack Randomized Trial (SADHART) Platelet Substudy Circulation, August 26, 2003; 108(8): 939 - 944. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. C. Suarez Joint Effect of Hostility and Severity of Depressive Symptoms on Plasma Interleukin-6 Concentration Psychosom Med, July 1, 2003; 65(4): 523 - 527. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. F. Scherrer, H. Xian, K. K. Bucholz, S. A. Eisen, M. J. Lyons, J. Goldberg, M. Tsuang, and W. R. True A Twin Study of Depression Symptoms, Hypertension, and Heart Disease in Middle-Aged Men Psychosom Med, July 1, 2003; 65(4): 548 - 557. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Frasure-Smith and F. Lesperance Depression and Other Psychological Risks Following Myocardial Infarction Arch Gen Psychiatry, June 1, 2003; 60(6): 627 - 636. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Danner, S. V. Kasl, J. L. Abramson, and V. Vaccarino Association Between Depression and Elevated C-Reactive Protein Psychosom Med, May 1, 2003; 65(3): 347 - 356. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. Lesperance and N. Frasure-Smith Depression and coronary artery disease: time to move from observation to trials Can. Med. Assoc. J., March 4, 2003; 168(5): 570 - 571. [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Pasic, W. C. Levy, and M. D. Sullivan Cytokines in Depression and Heart Failure Psychosom Med, March 1, 2003; 65(2): 181 - 193. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. R. Wulsin and B. M. Singal Do Depressive Symptoms Increase the Risk for the Onset of Coronary Disease? A Systematic Quantitative Review Psychosom Med, March 1, 2003; 65(2): 201 - 210. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. J. Jones, J. T. Bromberger, K. Sutton-Tyrrell, and K. A. Matthews Lifetime History of Depression and Carotid Atherosclerosis in Middle-aged Women Arch Gen Psychiatry, February 1, 2003; 60(2): 153 - 160. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. Pignay-Demaria, F. Lesperance, R. G. Demaria, N. Frasure-Smith, and L. P. Perrault Depression and anxiety and outcomes of coronary artery bypass surgery Ann. Thorac. Surg., January 1, 2003; 75(1): 314 - 321. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Borowicz Jr., R. Royall, M. Grega, O. Selnes, C. Lyketsos, and G. McKhann Depression and Cardiac Morbidity 5 Years After Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery Psychosomatics, December 1, 2002; 43(6): 464 - 471. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Sykes, D Arveiler, C. Salters, J Ferrieres, E McCrum, P Amouyel, A Bingham, M Montaye, J-B Ruidavets, B Haas, et al. Psychosocial risk factors for heart disease in France and Northern Ireland: The Prospective Epidemiological Study of Myocardial Infarction (PRIME) Int. J. Epidemiol., December 1, 2002; 31(6): 1227 - 1234. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. A. Moffitt, A. J. Grippo, P. V. Holmes, and A. K. Johnson Olfactory bulbectomy attenuates cardiovascular sympathoexcitatory reflexes in rats Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2002; 283(6): H2575 - H2583. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S Davis, A Thomas, R Perry, A Oakley, R N Kalaria, and J T O'Brien Glial fibrillary acidic protein in late life major depressive disorder: an immunocytochemical study J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, November 1, 2002; 73(5): 556 - 560. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. K. Cooper, Y. Harris, and J. Mcgready Sadness Predicts Death in Older People J Aging Health, November 1, 2002; 14(4): 509 - 526. [Abstract] [PDF]

				R. van Diest, K. Hamulyak, W. J. Kop, C. van Zandvoort, and A. Appels Diurnal Variations in Coagulation and Fibrinolysis in Vital Exhaustion Psychosom Med, September 1, 2002; 64(5): 787 - 792. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. H. Glassman, C. M. O'Connor, R. M. Califf, K. Swedberg, P. Schwartz, J. T. Bigger Jr, K. R. R. Krishnan, L. T. van Zyl, J. R. Swenson, M. S. Finkel, et al. Sertraline Treatment of Major Depression in Patients With Acute MI or Unstable Angina JAMA, August 14, 2002; 288(6): 701 - 709. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. B. Sonawalla, G. I. Papakostas, T. J. Petersen, A. S. Yeung, M. M. Smith, A. H. Sickinger, J. Gordon, J. A. Israel, J. R. Tedlow, S. Lamon-Fava, et al. Elevated Cholesterol Levels Associated With Nonresponse to Fluoxetine Treatment in Major Depressive Disorder Psychosomatics, August 1, 2002; 43(4): 310 - 316. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Weber-Hamann, F. Hentschel, A. Kniest, M. Deuschle, M. Colla, F. Lederbogen, and I. Heuser Hypercortisolemic Depression Is Associated With Increased Intra-Abdominal Fat Psychosom Med, March 1, 2002; 64(2): 274 - 277. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				R. C. BALDWIN and J. O'BRIEN Vascular basis of late-onset depressive disorder The British Journal of Psychiatry, February 1, 2002; 180(2): 157 - 160. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. M. Carney, J. A. Blumenthal, P. K. Stein, L. Watkins, D. Catellier, L. F. Berkman, S. M. Czajkowski, C. O'Connor, P. H. Stone, and K. E. Freedland Depression, Heart Rate Variability, and Acute Myocardial Infarction Circulation, October 23, 2001; 104(17): 2024 - 2028. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. P. Roose, A. H. Glassman, and S. N. Seidman Relationship Between Depression and Other Medical Illnesses JAMA, October 10, 2001; 286(14): 1687 - 1690. [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Reiff, S. Schwartz, and M. Northridge Relationship of Depressive Symptoms to Hypertension in a Household Survey in Harlem Psychosom Med, September 1, 2001; 63(5): 711 - 721. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. L. Larson, P. L. Owens, D. Ford, and W. Eaton Depressive Disorder, Dysthymia, and Risk of Stroke: Thirteen-Year Follow-Up From the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study Stroke, September 1, 2001; 32(9): 1979 - 1983. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. W. J. H. Penninx, A. T. F. Beekman, A. Honig, D. J. H. Deeg, R. A. Schoevers, J. T. M. van Eijk, and W. van Tilburg Depression and Cardiac Mortality: Results From a Community-Based Longitudinal Study Arch Gen Psychiatry, March 1, 2001; 58(3): 221 - 227. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]