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Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154:840-845
Copyright © 1997 by American Psychiatric Association
Specific major mental disorders and criminality: a 26-year prospective study of the 1966 northern Finland birth cohort
J Tiihonen, M Isohanni, P Rasanen, M Koiranen and J Moring
Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Kuopio, Niuvanniemi Hospital, Finland. Jari.Tiihonen@uku.fi
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to examine the quantitative risk of
criminal behavior associated with specific mental disorders. METHOD: An
unselected 1966 birth cohort (N = 12,058) in Northern Finland was
prospectively studied until the end of 1992. The investigation started
during the mothers' pregnancy, and the data on the subjects' family
characteristics, mental and physical development, living habits,
psychiatric morbidity, and criminal records were gathered at various times.
RESULTS: The prevalence of offenses was the highest among males with
alcohol-induced psychoses and male schizophrenic subjects with coexisting
alcohol abuse, and more than half of the schizophrenic offenders also had
problems with alcohol. Eleven (7%) of the 165 subjects who committed
violent crimes were diagnosed as psychotic. Male schizophrenic subjects had
a moderately high risk for violent offenses, but the risk for other types
of crimes was not elevated significantly. Odds ratios for criminal behavior
were adjusted according to the socioeconomic status of the childhood family
and were the same as or slightly lower than the crude odds ratios for all
disorders except schizophrenia and mood disorders with psychotic features.
CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that the risk of criminal behavior was
significantly higher among subjects with psychotic disorders, even though
the socioeconomic status of the childhood family was controlled. The higher
risk for violent behavior was associated especially with alcohol-induced
psychoses and with schizophrenia with coexisting substances abuse. The
results suggest that schizophrenia without substance abuse may also be
associated with a higher risk of offenses, but this finding is tentative
and requires further investigation.
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