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Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154:355-362
Copyright © 1997 by American Psychiatric Association
Gene-environment interaction in vulnerability to schizophrenia: findings from the Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia
KE Wahlberg, LC Wynne, H Oja, P Keskitalo, L Pykalainen, I Lahti, J Moring, M Naarala, A Sorri, M Seitamaa, K Laksy, J Kolassa and P Tienari
Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland. wahlberg@cc.oulu.fi
OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the interaction of genetic risk and
rearing-family risk as a subsyndromal test measure of schizophrenic thought
disorder in adoptees. METHOD: A group of 58 adoptees with schizophrenic
biological mothers was compared with 96 comparison adoptees at ordinary
genetic risk; putative adoptee vulnerability was assessed blindly and
reliably by using the Rorschach Index of Primitive Thought. Environmental
risk was measured by using frequency of communication deviance as a
continuous variable, scored independently from Rorschach assessments of the
adoptive parents. RESULTS: High genetic risk in itself was not associated
with greater vulnerability to schizophrenic thought disorder in the
adoptees, as indicated by the Index of Primitive Thought. Also, greater
communication deviance in the adoptive parents was not associated with
greater thought disorder in the comparison adoptees. However, there was a
highly significant gene- environment interaction. Among the offspring of
the adoptive parents with high levels of communication deviance, a higher
proportion of high- risk than comparison adoptees showed evidence of
thought disorder. In contrast, among the offspring of adoptive parents with
low communication deviance, a lower proportion of high-risk than comparison
adoptees showed evidence of thought disorder. The distribution of
communication deviance scores did not differ significantly between the
adoptive parents of high-risk offspring and the adoptive parents of
comparison offspring. CONCLUSIONS: The findings are consistent with genetic
control of sensitivity to the environment. There is no evidence that high
genetic risk of schizophrenia among offspring is associated with high
levels of communication problems in rearing parents.
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