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Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154:199-204
Copyright © 1997 by American Psychiatric Association
Symptoms, subtype, and suicidality in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders
WS Fenton, TH McGlashan, BJ Victor and CR Blyler
Chestnut Lodge Research Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
OBJECTIVE: Suicide is the single largest cause of premature death among
individuals with schizophrenia. This report examines the relationship
between positive or negative symptoms, illness subtype, and suicidal
behavior among patients with schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum
disorders in a long-term follow-up cohort. METHOD: Based on index admission
records, patients from the Chestnut Lodge Follow-Up Study with
schizophrenia (N = 187), schizoaffective disorder (N = 87),
schizophreniform disorder (N = 15), and schizotypal personality disorder (N
= 33) were retrospectively assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome
Scale, classical subtype criteria, and criteria for the deficit syndrome.
Completed suicide, suicide attempts, and suicidal ideation during the
follow-up period (average = 19 years) were ascertained by means of
interviews with patients and/or surviving relatives. RESULTS: Over the
follow-up period, 40% of the patients reported suicidal ideation, 23%
reported suicide attempts, and 6.4% died from suicide. Patients dead from
suicide had significantly lower negative symptom severity at index
admission than patients without suicidal behaviors. Two positive symptoms
(suspiciousness and delusions), however, were more severe among successful
suicides. The paranoid schizophrenia subtype was associated with an
elevated risk (12%) and the deficit subtype was associated with a reduced
risk (1.5%) of suicide. CONCLUSIONS: The impact of positive and negative
symptoms on suicide risk has not been reported. These findings suggest that
prominent negative symptoms, such as diminished drive, blunted affect, and
social and emotional withdrawal, counter the emergence of suicidality in
patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and that the deficit
syndrome defines a group at relatively low risk for suicide. Prominent
suspiciousness in the absence of negative symptoms defines a relatively
high-risk group.
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