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Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153:11-20
Copyright © 1996 by American Psychiatric Association
Parenting: a genetic-epidemiologic perspective
KS Kendler
Department of Psychiatry, Medical College of Virginia/Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA.
OBJECTIVE: To understand the relation between parenting and later
psychopathology, it is important to clarify the role of genetic and
environmental factors in both the elicitation and the provision of
parenting behavior. METHOD: A 16-item version of the Parental Bonding
Instrument was administered to 1) 606 fathers and 848 mothers of an
epidemiologic sample of adult female-female twin pairs, who reported on
their parenting of their twins; 2) the twins (both members of 546
monozygotic and 390 dizygotic pairs), who reported on the parenting they
had received from their father and mother; 3) co-twins from these pairs,
who reported on the parenting provided by their father and mother to their
twin sister; and 4) members of the adult twin pairs (145 monozygotic and
117 dizygotic) who both had children, who reported on the parenting they
provided to their offspring. The data were subjected to model fitting
decomposing three sources of variance: additive genetic factors; family, or
common, environment; and an individual's unique environment. RESULTS:
Responses to the Parental Bonding Instrument produced three factors:
parental warmth, protectiveness, and authoritarianism. According to
parents, these factors were largely a common environmental experience for
their children. Responses from twins, however, indicated that genetic
factors played a substantial role in the elicitation of warmth from parents
and a more modest role in influencing parental protectiveness and
authoritarianism. While reports of twins and co-twins on protectiveness and
authoritarianism yielded similar results, analysis of responses from
co-twins indicated a degree of importance of genetic factors in eliciting
parental warmth which was midway between that from parents' reports and
twins' reports. Answers from twins as parents indicated that provision of
warmth was substantially heritable, while resemblance between twins in
providing protectiveness and authoritarianism was due to family
environment. CONCLUSIONS: The provision of parenting is influenced by
attitudes derived from the parent's family of origin as well as by
genetically influenced parental temperamental characteristics. The
elicitation of parenting is influenced by temperamental traits of the
offspring that are, in turn, under partial genetic control. Genetic factors
in both parent and child are more important for warmth than for
protectiveness or authoritarianism.
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