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Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152:982-986
Copyright © 1995 by American Psychiatric Association
Low urinary cortisol excretion in Holocaust survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder
R Yehuda, B Kahana, K Binder-Brynes, SM Southwick, JW Mason and EL Giller
Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, N.Y., USA.
OBJECTIVE: The authors' objective was to compare the urinary cortisol
excretion of Holocaust survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
(N = 22) to that of Holocaust survivors without PTSD (N = 25) and
comparison subjects not exposed to the Holocaust (N = 15). METHOD:
Twenty-four-hour urine samples were collected, and the following day,
subjects were evaluated for the presence and severity of past and current
PTSD and other psychiatric conditions. RESULTS: Holocaust survivors with
PTSD showed significantly lower mean 24-hour urinary cortisol excretion
than the two groups of subjects without PTSD. Multiple correlation analysis
revealed a significant relationship between cortisol levels and severity of
PTSD that was due to a substantial association with scores on the avoidance
subscale. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings replicate the authors' previous
observation of low urinary cortisol excretion in combat veterans with PTSD
and extend these findings to a non-treatment-seeking civilian group. The
results also demonstrate that low cortisol levels are associated with PTSD
symptoms of a clinically significant nature, rather than occurring as a
result of exposure to trauma per se, and that low cortisol levels may
persist for decades following exposure to trauma among individuals with
chronic PTSD.
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