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Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152:431-435
Copyright © 1995 by American Psychiatric Association
High risk for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among children of parents with childhood onset of the disorder: a pilot study
J Biederman, SV Faraone, E Mick, T Spencer, T Wilens, K Kiely, J Guite, JS Ablon, E Reed and R Warburton
Child Psychiatry Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114.
OBJECTIVE: Although well-documented in clinical and epidemiological studies
of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children, the
familial nature of the adult syndrome has not been well investigated. One
approach to evaluate the familial nature of adult ADHD is through a
high-risk design aimed at estimating the risk for the disorder in children
of parents with child-hood-onset ADHD. METHOD: Children at risk for ADHD
were ascertained from the study group of 84 referred adults with clinical
diagnoses of childhood onset of the disorder, confirmed by structured
interviews. Diagnostic information on the disorder was derived from the
ADHD module of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for
School Age Children-- Epidemiologic Version, supplemented with information
regarding treatment for ADHD for the affected child and school history
including repeated grades, placement in special classes, and tutoring.
RESULTS: Of the 84 children at risk, 48 (57%) met criteria for ADHD. The
rate of the disorder in children of adults with the disorder was
significantly higher than the previously reported rate of ADHD among
siblings of children with the disorder. Of the 48 ADHD children of parents
with the disorder, 36 (75%) were treated for it. The rates of school
failure were almost identical to those previously reported in a group of
referred children and adolescents with ADHD. CONCLUSIONS: These results
support the validity of the adult diagnosis of ADHD and suggest that the
adult form of this disorder may have stronger familial etiological risk
factors than its pediatric form. If these results are confirmed, families
selected through adult probands with ADHD might be especially useful for
testing genetic hypotheses about the disorder.
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