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Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152:1576-1585
Copyright © 1995 by American Psychiatric Association
Remembering the past: two facets of episodic memory explored with positron emission tomography
NC Andreasen, DS O'Leary, T Cizadlo, S Arndt, K Rezai, GL Watkins, LL Ponto and RD Hichwa
Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City 52242, USA.
OBJECTIVE: This study used positron emission tomography to examine two
kinds of personal memory that are used in psychiatric evaluation: focused
episodic memory (recall of past experience, employed in "taking a history")
and random episodic memory (uncensored thinking about experience, examined
during analytic therapy using free association). For comparison, a third
memory task was used to tap impersonal memory that represents general
information about the world ("semantic memory"). METHOD: Thirteen subjects
were studied using the [15O]H2O method to obtain quantitative measurements
of cerebral blood flow. The three conditions were subtracted and their
relative relationships examined. RESULTS: The random episodic condition
produced activations in widely distributed association cortex (right and
left frontal, parietal, angular/supramarginal, and posterior inferior
temporal regions). Focused episodic memory engaged a network that included
the medial inferior frontal regions, precuneus/retrosplenial cingulate,
anterior cingulate, thalamus, and cerebellum. The use of medial frontal
regions and the precuneus/retrosplenial cingulate was common to both
focused and random episodic memory. The major difference between semantic
and episodic memory was activation of Broca's area and the left frontal
operculum by semantic memory. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that
free-ranging mental activity (random episodic memory) produces large
activations in association cortex and may reflect both active retrieval of
past experiences and planning of future experiences. Focused episodic
memory shares some components of this circuit (inferior frontal and
precuneus), which may reflect the time- linked components of both aspects
of episodic memory, and which permit human beings to experience personal
identity, consciousness, and self- awareness.
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