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Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151:1485-1491
Copyright © 1994 by American Psychiatric Association
Low CSF 5-HIAA concentrations and severe aggression and impaired impulse control in nonhuman primates
PT Mehlman, JD Higley, I Faucher, AA Lilly, DM Taub, J Vickers, SJ Suomi and M Linnoila
Laboratory Animal Breeders & Services, Rockville, Md.
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship
between behavior and serotonin by using a nonhuman primate model of
aggression and impulse control. METHOD: During a routine capture and
medical examination, 26 adolescent male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
were selected as subjects from a free-ranging population of 4,500 rhesus
monkeys inhabiting a 475-acre sea island. Physiological data were obtained
from 22-23 of the subjects. Blood and CSF samples were obtained, and each
subject was fitted with a radio transmitter collar for rapid location. The
subjects were released into their social groups, and quantitative
behavioral observations were made over a 3- month period. RESULTS: CSF
5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) concentrations were inversely
correlated with "escalated" aggression, i.e., a measure of more intense or
severe aggression as defined by the ratio of chases and physical assaults
to all aggressive acts. CSF 5- HIAA concentrations were significantly lower
in those subjects who showed evidence of physical wounding than in subjects
with no wounds. Low CSF 5-HIAA concentrations were also correlated with
greater risk- taking as determined by an analysis of leaping behaviors in
the forest canopy. The ratio of long leaps (leaps that traversed the
longest distances at dangerous heights) to all leaps was negatively
correlated with CSF 5-HIAA concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent male
rhesus macaques with low CSF 5-HIAA concentrations are at risk for 1)
exhibiting more violent forms of aggressive behavior and 2) loss of impulse
control as evidenced by greater risk taking during movement through the
forest canopy.
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