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Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151:40-48
Copyright © 1994 by American Psychiatric Association
The neuropsychological signature of schizophrenia: generalized or differential deficit?
JJ Blanchard and JM Neale
Department of Psychology, State University of New York, Stony Brook.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive assessment
of neuropsychological functioning in schizophrenia so as to evaluate
hypotheses of lateralized or differential cognitive impairment in this
disorder. Furthermore, the study sought to address the potentially
confounding factors of medication side effects and relevant demographic
variables such as age, education, gender, and handedness. METHOD: The
neuropsychological functioning of 28 schizophrenic patients whose
medication had been withdrawn for research purposes and 15 demographically
matched normal subjects was evaluated. A comprehensive battery of tasks was
used to determine whether performance patterns of schizophrenic patients
were consistent with models of lateralized or localized neuropsychological
impairment in schizophrenia. To facilitate comparison with results of other
studies, several analytic strategies were used, including comparisons of
group performance on individual tests, composite function scores, and
evaluation of performance based on "clinical" criteria of impairment.
RESULTS: In contrast to the normal subjects, the schizophrenic patients
displayed impairment across measures of motor, sensory, and perceptual
functioning, verbal and nonverbal memory, and indexes of frontal lobe
functioning. This pattern of generalized dysfunction was evident regardless
of the method of analysis used to assess performance. CONCLUSIONS: These
findings fail to support conjectures regarding differential neurocognitive
deficits in schizophrenia. However, the psychometric limitations of
currently available neuropsychological measures may obscure the finding of
differential impairment and must be considered in interpreting the results
of this study as well as those of any investigation using such instruments.
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