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Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150:474-478
Copyright © 1993 by American Psychiatric Association
Dissociative reactions to the San Francisco Bay Area earthquake of 1989
E Cardena and D Spiegel
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Calif.
OBJECTIVE: This study systematically evaluated the psychological reactions
of a nonclinical population to the October 1989 earthquake in the San
Francisco Bay Area. METHOD: A representative group of about 100 graduate
students from two different institutions in the Bay Area volunteered to
participate in the study. Within 1 week of the earthquake, the authors
administered a checklist of anxiety and dissociative symptoms to the
subjects, and 4 months later they conducted a follow-up study with the same
checklist. RESULTS: The participants reported significantly greater numbers
and frequency of dissociative symptoms, including derealization and
depersonalization, distortions of time, and alterations in cognition,
memory and somatic sensations, during or shortly after the earthquake than
after 4 months. To a lesser degree they also reported significantly more
nonsomatic anxiety symptoms and Schneider's first-rank symptoms at the
earlier testing time. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that among
nonclinical populations, extreme distress may significantly increase the
prevalence and severity of transient dissociative phenomena and anxiety.
They provide further evidence of the role that dissociation plays in the
response to trauma and are of considerable clinical and theoretical
importance in view of the lifetime prevalence of traumatic experiences in
the general population.
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