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Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149:1707-1710
Copyright © 1992 by American Psychiatric Association
Elderly Israeli Holocaust survivors during the Persian Gulf War: a study of psychological distress
Z Solomon and E Prager
Tel Aviv University, School of Social Work, Israel.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of the current study was to systematically assess the
psychological effects of the Persian Gulf War on a nonclinical group of
elderly Israeli civilians with and without a Holocaust background. METHOD:
Sixty-one elderly Holocaust survivors and 131 elderly civilians without a
Holocaust background completed questionnaires in their homes. Measures
included sense of safety, symptoms of psychological distress, and levels of
state and trait anxiety. RESULTS: Findings indicate that Holocaust
survivors perceived higher levels of danger and reported more symptoms of
acute distress than comparison subjects. In addition, they displayed higher
levels of both state and trait anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: Findings do not
support the notion that prior experience with extreme stress has an
inoculating effect that leads to greater resilience in dealing with other
forms of stress. On the contrary, Holocaust experience was found to render
the elderly more vulnerable rather than less. These findings of greater
vulnerability among Holocaust survivors are of particular significance
since they stem from a nonclinical group.
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