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Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148:1138-1149
Copyright © 1991 by American Psychiatric Association
Body dysmorphic disorder: the distress of imagined ugliness
KA Phillips
McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02178.
OBJECTIVE: Body dysmorphic disorder, a preoccupation with an imagined
defect in physical appearance, has a rich tradition in European psychiatry
but has been largely neglected in the United States. Because this
little-known disorder is probably more common than is generally realized
and can have profound consequences, the author reviews its history,
clinical features, and possible relationship to other psychiatric
disorders. DATA COLLECTION: Data sources consisted of the MEDLINE database
and relevant references in articles obtained from this search. Of 145
articles and books obtained, 100 were selected for inclusion in this review
on the basis of how closely they conformed to the concept of body
dysmorphic disorder as defined in DSM-III-R and how substantially they
contributed to an understanding of the disorder's history, clinical
features, or nosologic status. FINDINGS: Body dysmorphic disorder has been
colorfully described in the European literature for more than a century.
Although its concerns might sound trivial, this disorder can lead to social
isolation (including being housebound), occupational dysfunction,
unnecessary cosmetic surgery, and suicide. The most commonly associated
psychiatric disorder appears to be depression. Although a definitive
treatment does not exist, preliminary evidence suggests that serotonergic
antidepressant medications may be useful. Whether body dysmorphic disorder
is related to other psychiatric disorders, such as psychosis, mood
disorder, social phobia, or obsessive-compulsive disorder, is unclear at
this time. CONCLUSIONS: More research on the nosology, clinical features,
and treatment response of body dysmorphic disorder is important, given the
distress and impairment this often secret disorder can cause.
This article has been cited by other articles:
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K. A. Phillips, E. R. Didie, J. Feusner, and S. Wilhelm
Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Treating an Underrecognized Disorder
Am J Psychiatry,
September 1, 2008;
165(9):
1111 - 1118.
[Full Text]
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K. A. Phillips and W. Menard
Suicidality in Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Prospective Study
Am J Psychiatry,
July 1, 2006;
163(7):
1280 - 1282.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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K. A. Phillips, W. Menard, C. Fay, and R. Weisberg
Demographic Characteristics, Phenomenology, Comorbidity, and Family History in 200 Individuals With Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Psychosomatics,
August 1, 2005;
46(4):
317 - 325.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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K. A. Phillips
Clinical Features and Treatment of Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Focus,
April 1, 2005;
3(2):
179 - 183.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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K. A. Phillips, J. Grant, J. Siniscalchi, and R. S. Albertini
Surgical Nonpsychiatric Medical Treatment of Patients With Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Focus,
April 1, 2005;
3(2):
304 - 309.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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K. A. Phillips and S. A. Rasmussen
Change in Psychosocial Functioning and Quality of Life of Patients With Body Dysmorphic Disorder Treated With Fluoxetine: A Placebo-Controlled Study
Psychosomatics,
October 1, 2004;
45(5):
438 - 444.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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S. B. Mayville, D. A. Williamson, M. A. White, R. G. Netemeyer, and D. L. Drab
Development of the Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale: A Self-Report Measure for the Assessment of Muscle Dysmorphia Symptoms
Assessment,
December 1, 2002;
9(4):
351 - 360.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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K. A. Phillips, R. S. Albertini, and S. A. Rasmussen
A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial of Fluoxetine in Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Arch Gen Psychiatry,
April 1, 2002;
59(4):
381 - 388.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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K. A. Phillips, J. Grant, J. Siniscalchi, and R. S. Albertini
Surgical and Nonpsychiatric Medical Treatment of Patients With Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Psychosomatics,
December 1, 2001;
42(6):
504 - 510.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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M. W. Otto, S. Wilhelm, L. S. Cohen, and B. L. Harlow
Prevalence of Body Dysmorphic Disorder in a Community Sample of Women
Am J Psychiatry,
December 1, 2001;
158(12):
2061 - 2063.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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K. A. Phillips, S. A. Rasmussen, and L. H. Price
Treating Imagined Ugliness
Arch Gen Psychiatry,
November 1, 1999;
56(11):
1041 - 1042.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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R. L. O'Sullivan, K. A. Phillips, N. J. Keuthen, and S. Wilhelm
Near-Fatal Skin Picking From Delusional Body Dysmorphic Disorder Responsive to Fluvoxamine
Psychosomatics,
February 1, 1999;
40(1):
79 - 81.
[Full Text]
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E. W. Ringel
The Morality of Cosmetic Surgery for Aging
Arch Dermatol,
April 1, 1998;
134(4):
427 - 431.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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F. Neziroglu and J. A. Yaryura-Tobias
A Review of Cognitive Behavioral and Pharmacological Treatment of Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Behav Modif,
July 1, 1997;
21(3):
324 - 340.
[Abstract]
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