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Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148:564-577
Copyright © 1991 by American Psychiatric Association
Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with conduct, depressive, anxiety, and other disorders
J Biederman, J Newcorn and S Sprich
Pediatric Psychopharmacology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114.
OBJECTIVE: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a heterogeneous
disorder of unknown etiology. Little is known about the comorbidity of this
disorder with disorders other than conduct. Therefore, the authors made a
systematic search of the psychiatric and psychological literature for
empirical studies dealing with the comorbidity of attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder with other disorders. DATA COLLECTION: The search
terms included hyperactivity, hyperkinesis, attention deficit disorder, and
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, cross-referenced with antisocial
disorder (aggression, conduct disorder, antisocial disorder), depression
(depression, mania, depressive disorder, bipolar), anxiety (anxiety
disorder, anxiety), learning problems (learning, learning disability,
academic achievement), substance abuse (alcoholism, drug abuse), mental
retardation, and Tourette's disorder. FINDINGS: The literature supports
considerable comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with
conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, mood disorders, anxiety
disorders, learning disabilities, and other disorders, such as mental
retardation, Tourette's syndrome, and borderline personality disorder.
CONCLUSIONS: Subgroups of children with attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder might be delineated on the basis of the disorder's comorbidity
with other disorders. These subgroups may have differing risk factors,
clinical courses, and pharmacological responses. Thus, their proper
identification may lead to refinements in preventive and treatment
strategies. Investigation of these issues should help to clarify the
etiology, course, and outcome of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
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E. Arcia, R. Frank, A. Sanchez-LaCay, and M. C. Fernaindez
Teacher understanding of ADHD as reflected in attributions and classroom strategies
J Atten Disord,
August 1, 2000;
4(2):
91 - 101.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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J. D. Ford, R. Racusin, C. G. Ellis, W. B. Daviss, J. Reiser, A. Fleischer, and J. Thomas
Child Maltreatment, other Trauma Exposure, and Posttraumatic Symptomatology among Children with Oppositional Defiant and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders
Child Maltreat,
August 1, 2000;
5(3):
205 - 217.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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S. V. Faraone, J. Biederman, E. Mick, S. Williamson, T. Wilens, T. Spencer, W. Weber, J. Jetton, I. Kraus, J. Pert, et al.
Family Study of Girls With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Am J Psychiatry,
July 1, 2000;
157(7):
1077 - 1083.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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M. A. Bonafina, J. H. Newcorn, K. E. McKay, V. H. Koda, and J. M. Halperin
ADHD and Reading Disabilities: A Cluster Analytic Approach for Distinguishing Subgroups
J Learn Disabil,
May 1, 2000;
33(3):
297 - 307.
[Abstract]
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Committee on Quality Improvement, Subcommittee on
Clinical Practice Guideline: Diagnosis and Evaluation of the Child With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Pediatrics,
May 1, 2000;
105(5):
1158 - 1170.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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A. Q. BARRIGA, J. R. LANDAU, B. L. STINSON II, A. K. LIAU, and J. C. GIBBS
Cognitive Distortion and Problem Behaviors in Adolescents
Criminal Justice and Behavior,
February 1, 2000;
27(1):
36 - 56.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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L. H. McCormick
Improving Social Adjustment in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Arch Fam Med,
February 1, 2000;
9(2):
191 - 194.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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From the Editor
J Atten Disord,
January 1, 2000;
3(4):
173 - 191.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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D. Mennin, J. Biederman, E. Mick, and S. V. Faraone
Towards defining a meaningful anxiety phenotype for research in ADHD children
J Atten Disord,
January 1, 2000;
3(4):
192 - 199.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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J. Loney, C. E. Paternite, M. A. Roberts, and J. E. Schwartz
Comparing the external validity of the DSM-1V and Two-Factor models of childhood behavior problems
J Atten Disord,
January 1, 2000;
3(4):
212 - 228.
[Abstract]
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O. H. Kim and A. P. Kaiser
Language Characteristics of Children with ADHD
Communication Disorders Quarterly,
January 1, 2000;
21(3):
154 - 165.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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The MTA Cooperative Group
A 14-Month Randomized Clinical Trial of Treatment Strategies for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Arch Gen Psychiatry,
December 1, 1999;
56(12):
1073 - 1086.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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E. R. Disney, I. J. Elkins, M. McGue, and W. G. Iacono
Effects of ADHD, Conduct Disorder, and Gender on Substance Use and Abuse in Adolescence
Am J Psychiatry,
October 1, 1999;
156(10):
1515 - 1521.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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D. Pineda, A. Ardila, and M. Rosselli
Neuropsychological and Behavioral Assessment of ADHD in Seven- to Twelve-Year-Old Children: A Discriminant Analysis
J Learn Disabil,
March 1, 1999;
32(2):
159 - 173.
[Abstract]
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R. B. Silberstein, M. Farrow, F. Levy, A. Pipingas, D. A. Hay, and F. C. Jarman
Functional Brain Electrical Activity Mapping in Boys With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Arch Gen Psychiatry,
December 1, 1998;
55(12):
1105 - 1112.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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J. B. Hale, J.-A. B. Hoeppner, M. B. DeWitt, D. L. Coury, D. G. Ritacco, and B. Trommer
Evaluating Medication Response in ADHD: Cognitive, Behavioral, and Single-Subject Methodology
J Learn Disabil,
November 1, 1998;
31(6):
595 - 607.
[Abstract]
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E. Tirosh and A. Cohen
Language Deficit With Attention-Deficit Disorder: A Prevalent Comorbidity
J Child Neurol,
October 1, 1998;
13(10):
493 - 497.
[Abstract]
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J. Biederman
A 55-Year-Old Man With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
JAMA,
September 23, 1998;
280(12):
1086 - 1092.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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L. S. Goldman, M. Genel, R. J. Bezman, P. J. Slanetz, and for the Council on Scientific Affairs, American Me
Diagnosis and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents
JAMA,
April 8, 1998;
279(14):
1100 - 1107.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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S. Mannuzza, R. G. Klein, A. Bessler, P. Malloy, and M. LaPadula
Adult Psychiatric Status of Hyperactive Boys Grown Up
Am J Psychiatry,
April 1, 1998;
155(4):
493 - 498.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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L. J. Katz, D. S. Wood, G. Goldstein, R. C. Auchenbach, and M. Geckle
The Utility of Neuropsychological Tests in Evaluation of Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) versus Depression in Adults
Assessment,
March 1, 1998;
5(1):
45 - 51.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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E. J. Garland
Reviews : Pharmacotherapy of adolescent attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: challenges, choices and caveats
J Psychopharmacol,
January 1, 1998;
12(4):
385 - 395.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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C.A. Ramirez, L.A. Rosen, J.L. Deffenbacher, H. Hurst, C. Nicoletta, T. Rosencranz, and K. Smith
Anger and anger expression in adults with high ADHD symptoms
J Atten Disord,
July 1, 1997;
2(2):
115 - 128.
[Abstract]
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C. A. Glod
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Throughout the Lifespan: Diagnosis, Etiology, and Treatment
Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association,
June 1, 1997;
3(3):
89 - 92.
[PDF]
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E. E. Rock, M. A. Fessler, and R. P. Church
The Concomitance of Learning Disabilities and Emotional/Behavioral Disorders: A Conceptual Model
J Learn Disabil,
May 1, 1997;
30(3):
245 - 263.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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