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Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148:472-478
Copyright © 1991 by American Psychiatric Association
Relations among clinical scales in schizophrenia
RE Gur, PD Mozley, SM Resnick, S Levick, R Erwin, AJ Saykin and RC Gur
Mental Health Clinical Research Center on Schizophrenia.
OBJECTIVE: Clinical scales have become established as tools to quantify
phenomenological features of schizophrenia. The goal of this study was to
examine relations among the following: the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale
(BPRS), the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms, the Scale for
the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, and the deficit- nondeficit
classification. METHOD: Forty-seven patients with schizophrenia were
recruited according to specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. The
standardized assessment procedures were administered by a trained
psychiatric research team. RESULTS: Examination of the BPRS showed that the
patients had highest scores on the thought disorder factor and the symptoms
specific to schizophrenia. Classification of patients as having the
positive, negative, or mixed type of schizophrenia resulted in a finding of
seven with the positive, seven with the negative, and 33 with the mixed
type. The division of patients into those with the deficit syndrome (N =
29) and those without (N = 18) was related to symptom specificity and to
positive and negative symptoms. Deficit syndrome patients had more symptoms
specific to schizophrenia, fewer nonspecific symptoms, and, as expected,
greater severity of negative symptoms. Cluster analysis revealed three
clusters of patients: those with low negative symptom scores and high
scores on specific symptoms (the majority were without the deficit
syndrome); those with high scores on negative, positive, and specific
symptoms (the majority had the deficit syndrome); and those with lower
scores on specific symptoms and high scores on negative and positive
symptoms (the majority had the deficit syndrome). CONCLUSIONS: The scales
showed some overlap but also seemed to measure complementary aspects of the
phenomenology of schizophrenia. Subtypes of patients identified by the
combined use of these scales may differ in underlying pathology.
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S. J. Siegel, F. Irani, C. M. Brensinger, C. G. Kohler, W. B. Bilker, J. D. Ragland, S. J. Kanes, R. C. Gur, and R. E. Gur
Prognostic Variables at Intake and Long-Term Level of Function in Schizophrenia
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March 1, 2006;
163(3):
433 - 441.
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C. Davatzikos, D. Shen, R. C. Gur, X. Wu, D. Liu, Y. Fan, P. Hughett, B. I. Turetsky, and R. E. Gur
Whole-Brain Morphometric Study of Schizophrenia Revealing a Spatially Complex Set of Focal Abnormalities
Arch Gen Psychiatry,
November 1, 2005;
62(11):
1218 - 1227.
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N. C. Andreasen, W. T. Carpenter Jr., J. M. Kane, R. A. Lasser, S. R. Marder, and D. R. Weinberger
Remission in Schizophrenia: Proposed Criteria and Rationale for Consensus
Am J Psychiatry,
March 1, 2005;
162(3):
441 - 449.
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M. M Kurtz, P. J Moberg, J D. Ragland, R. C Gur, and R. E Gur
Symptoms Versus Neurocognitive Test Performance as Predictors of Psychosocial Status in Schizophrenia: A 1- and 4-Year Prospective Study
Schizophr Bull,
January 1, 2005;
31(1):
167 - 174.
[Abstract]
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B.-C. Ho, P. Nopoulos, M. Flaum, S. Arndt, and N. C. Andreasen
Two-Year Outcome in First-Episode Schizophrenia: Predictive Value of Symptoms for Quality of Life
Focus,
January 1, 2004;
2(1):
131 - 137.
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C. G. Kohler, T. H. Turner, W. B. Bilker, C. M. Brensinger, S. J. Siegel, S. J. Kanes, R. E. Gur, and R. C. Gur
Facial Emotion Recognition in Schizophrenia: Intensity Effects and Error Pattern
Am J Psychiatry,
October 1, 2003;
160(10):
1768 - 1774.
[Abstract]
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R. E. Gur, C. McGrath, R. M. Chan, L. Schroeder, T. Turner, B. I. Turetsky, C. Kohler, D. Alsop, J. Maldjian, J. D. Ragland, et al.
An fMRI Study of Facial Emotion Processing in Patients With Schizophrenia
Am J Psychiatry,
December 1, 2002;
159(12):
1992 - 1999.
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J. D. Ragland, R. C. Gur, J. Raz, L. Schroeder, C. G. Kohler, R. J. Smith, A. Alavi, and R. E. Gur
Effect of Schizophrenia on Frontotemporal Activity During Word Encoding and Recognition: A PET Cerebral Blood Flow Study
Am J Psychiatry,
July 1, 2001;
158(7):
1114 - 1125.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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M. M. Kurtz, P. J. Moberg, L. H. Mozley, C. L. Swanson, R. C. Our, and R. E. Our
Effectiveness of an Attention- and Memory-Training Program on Neuropsychological Deficits in Schizophrenia
Neurorehabil Neural Repair,
January 1, 2001;
15(1):
75 - 80.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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T. R. E. BARNES, S. B. HUTTON, M. J. CHAPMAN, S. MUTSATSA, B. K. PURI, and E. M. JOYCE
West London first-episode study of schizophrenia: Clinical correlates of duration of untreated psychosis
The British Journal of Psychiatry,
September 1, 2000;
177(3):
207 - 211.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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R. E. Gur, P. E. Cowell, A. Latshaw, B. I. Turetsky, R. I. Grossman, S. E. Arnold, W. B. Bilker, and R. C. Gur
Reduced Dorsal and Orbital Prefrontal Gray Matter Volumes in Schizophrenia
Arch Gen Psychiatry,
August 1, 2000;
57(8):
761 - 768.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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R. E. Gur, B. I. Turetsky, P. E. Cowell, C. Finkelman, V. Maany, R. I. Grossman, S. E. Arnold, W. B. Bilker, and R. C. Gur
Temporolimbic Volume Reductions in Schizophrenia
Arch Gen Psychiatry,
August 1, 2000;
57(8):
769 - 775.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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R. E. Gur, B. I. Turetsky, W. B. Bilker, and R. C. Gur
Reduced Gray Matter Volume in Schizophrenia
Arch Gen Psychiatry,
October 1, 1999;
56(10):
905 - 911.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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R. E. Gur, V. Maany, P. D. Mozley, C. Swanson, W. Bilker, and R. C. Gur
Subcortical MRI Volumes in Neuroleptic-Naive and Treated Patients With Schizophrenia
Am J Psychiatry,
December 1, 1998;
155(12):
1711 - 1717.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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B.-C. Ho, P. Nopoulos, M. Flaum, S. Arndt, and N. C. Andreasen
Two-Year Outcome in First-Episode Schizophrenia: Predictive Value of Symptoms for Quality of Life
Am J Psychiatry,
September 1, 1998;
155(9):
1196 - 1201.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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R. E. Gur, P. Cowell, B. I. Turetsky, F. Gallacher, T. Cannon, W. Bilker, and R. C. Gur
A Follow-up Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Schizophrenia: Relationship of Neuroanatomical Changes to Clinical and Neurobehavioral Measures
Arch Gen Psychiatry,
February 1, 1998;
55(2):
145 - 152.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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