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Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148:357-360
Copyright © 1991 by American Psychiatric Association
The nature and course of olfactory deficits in Alzheimer's disease
M Serby, P Larson and D Kalkstein
New York University Medical Center, New York.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the specific nature and
course of olfactory deficits in Alzheimer's disease. Previous studies had
noted impaired odor identification, but there was no unanimity about the
presence of odor detection deficits. METHOD: Odor identification was tested
in 55 patients with Alzheimer's disease and 57 elderly control subjects by
using the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test. Odor
detection was assessed in 46 subjects with Alzheimer's disease and 40
control subjects by using a forced- choice threshold test with geraniol as
the odorant. RESULTS: Significant deficits in olfactory identification were
present in subjects who were in the earliest stages of cognitive
impairment, and these deficits increased as Alzheimer's disease progressed.
There was some overlap in individual smell identification test scores
between cognitively impaired patients and normal elderly subjects. On the
other hand, odor detection deficits did not appear until Alzheimer's
disease was relatively advanced. Smell identification test scores were
correlated with Mini-Mental State scores, but geraniol detection was not.
CONCLUSIONS: Odor identification is impaired early in Alzheimer's disease
and may be more influenced by cognitive status than is acuity of odor
detection, which is not altered until later in the disorder. The pattern of
hyposmia in Alzheimer's disease suggests that the disorder may not "begin
in the nose," as has been theorized previously. Further refinement of
olfactory testing may be useful in the diagnostic evaluation of early
dementia.
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