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Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148:251-256
Copyright © 1991 by American Psychiatric Association
Familial association between attention deficit disorder and anxiety disorders
J Biederman, SV Faraone, K Keenan, R Steingard and MT Tsuang
Pediatric Psychopharmacology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114.
BACKGROUND AND METHOD: This study tested hypotheses about patterns of
familial association between attention deficit disorder (ADD) and anxiety
disorders among 356 first-degree relatives of 73 clinically referred
children with ADD and 26 normal comparison children. Through structured
diagnostic interviews with trained raters, relatives were assessed for
adult and childhood psychopathology. After stratifying the sample of ADD
probands into those with anxiety disorders and those without, the authors
examined patterns of aggregation of ADD and anxiety disorders in the
relatives of these probands as well as in the relatives of the normal
comparison subjects. RESULTS: Familial risk analyses revealed that 1)
familial risk for anxiety disorders was higher among all ADD probands than
among the normal subjects; 2) familial risk for ADD was similar in the
relatives of the ADD probands and of the probands with ADD and anxiety
disorder; 3) the relatives of the ADD probands with and without anxiety
disorders were at greater risk for ADD than the relatives of the normal
subjects; 4) the risk for anxiety disorders was two times higher in the
relatives of the probands who had ADD with anxiety disorder than in those
of the ADD probands without anxiety disorders; and 5) there was a tendency
for ADD probands' relatives who themselves had ADD to have a higher risk
for anxiety disorders than ADD probands' relatives who did not have ADD
(cosegregation). CONCLUSIONS: The results were most consistent with the
hypotheses indicating that ADD and anxiety disorders segregate
independently in families.
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