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Am J Psychiatry 1989; 146:220-225
Copyright © 1989 by American Psychiatric Association
Hierarchy of characteristics associated with depressive symptoms in an urban elderly sample
GJ Kennedy, HR Kelman, C Thomas, W Wisniewski, H Metz and PE Bijur
Department of Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.
In contrast to the uncertainty about the prevalence and importance of
late-life depressive disorders, a consistent pattern of risk factors for
depressive symptoms has been shown by studies using the Center for
Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). The authors surveyed a
representative sample of 2,137 elderly community residents with the CES- D
and found a hierarchy of characteristics associated with substantial levels
of depressive symptoms: illness, disability, isolation, bereavement, and
poverty. If these findings are confirmed by prospective studies, addressing
modifiable factors in the emergence, persistence, and remission of
depressive symptoms might extend the independent survival of older adults.
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