Am J Psychiatry 1988; 145:613-616
Copyright © 1988 by American Psychiatric Association
Tardive dyskinesia in bipolar affective disorder: aging, cognitive dysfunction, course of illness, and exposure to neuroleptics and lithium
JL Waddington and HA Youssef
Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin.
Cognitive function, course of illness, and medication history were assessed
in 42 bipolar patients evaluated for the presence of involuntary movements.
Among the 25 patients 55 years old or older, the 16 with involuntary
movements were not distinguished from the nine without involuntary
movements by past or current exposure to neuroleptics, anticholinergics, or
carbamazepine, but they showed poorer cognitive function, had fewer major
depressive episodes, and had received briefer exposure to lithium. The
association between involuntary movements and cognitive dysfunction
parallels that found in schizophrenia, suggesting that similar neurological
processes may contribute to vulnerability to involuntary movements in the
major functional psychoses.
