Am J Psychiatry 1988; 145:578-583
Copyright © 1988 by American Psychiatric Association
Deficit and nondeficit forms of schizophrenia: the concept
WT Carpenter Jr, DW Heinrichs and AM Wagman
Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21228.
The authors provide a rationale for distinguishing the primary, enduring
negative symptoms of schizophrenia (termed "deficit symptoms") from the
more transient negative symptoms secondary to other factors. They argue
that the former are more likely to provide a basis for meaningful subtyping
of the schizophrenic syndrome, while the latter are more likely to respond
to currently available treatments. They describe their experience in using
clinical judgment based on longitudinal observations to identify deficit
and nondeficit subtypes of schizophrenic patients and propose criteria for
defining schizophrenia with the deficit syndrome.
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D. G. C. Owens, A. Finlayson, G. Mercer, and E. C. Johnstone
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K. P. Bailey
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B. Turetsky, P. E. Cowell, R. C. Gur, R. I. Grossman, D. L. Shtasel, and R. E. Gur
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December 1, 1995;
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R. E. Gur, P. D. Mozley, S. M. Resnick, L. H. Mozley, D. L. Shtasel, F. Gallacher, S. E. Arnold, J. S. Karp, A. Alavi, M. Reivich, et al.
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Arch Gen Psychiatry,
August 1, 1995;
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[Abstract]
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D. C. Javitt, P. Doneshka, S. Grochowski, and W. Ritter
Impaired Mismatch Negativity Generation Reflects Widespread Dysfunction of Working Memory in Schizophrenia
Arch Gen Psychiatry,
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J. A. Lieberman
Signs and Symptoms: What Can They Tell Us About the Clinical Course and Pathophysiologic Processes of Schizophrenia?
Arch Gen Psychiatry,
May 1, 1995;
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[Abstract]
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G. E. Hogarty, J. P. McEvoy, R. F. Ulrich, A. L. DiBarry, P. Bartone, S. Cooley, K. Hammill, M. Carter, M. R. Munetz, and J. Perel
Pharmacotherapy of Impaired Affect in Recovering Schizophrenic Patients
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R. W. Buchanan, M. E. Strauss, B. Kirkpatrick, C. Holstein, A. Breier, and W. T. Carpenter Jr
Neuropsychological Impairments in Deficit vs Nondeficit Forms of Schizophrenia
Arch Gen Psychiatry,
October 1, 1994;
51(10):
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X. F. Amador, M. Flaum, N. C. Andreasen, D. H. Strauss, S. A. Yale, S. C. Clark, and J. M. Gorman
Awareness of Illness in Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective and Mood Disorders
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W. S. Fenton, R. J. Wyatt, and T. H. McGlashan
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W. T. Carpenter Jr, R. W. Buchanan, B. Kirkpatrick, C. Tamminga, and F. Wood
Strong Inference, Theory Testing, and the Neuroanatomy of Schizophrenia
Arch Gen Psychiatry,
October 1, 1993;
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R. Michels and P. M. Marzuk
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J. A. Lieberman, D. Jody, J. Ma. J. Alvir, M. Ashtari, D. L. Levy, B. Bogerts, G. Degreef, D. I. Mayerhoff, and T. Cooper
Brain Morphology, Dopamine, and Eye-Tracking Abnormalities in First-Episode Schizophrenia: Prevalence and Clinical Correlates
Arch Gen Psychiatry,
May 1, 1993;
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J. Lieberman, D. Jody, S. Geisler, J. Alvir, A. Loebel, S. Szymanski, M. Woerner, and M. Borenstein
Time Course and Biologic Correlates of Treatment Response in First-Episode Schizophrenia
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N. C. Andreasen, K. Rezai, R. Alliger, V. W. Swayze II, M. Flaum, P. Kirchner, G. Cohen, and D. S. O'Leary
Hypofrontality in Neuroleptic-Naive Patients and in Patients With Chronic Schizophrenia: Assessment With Xenon 133 Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography and the Tower of London
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December 1, 1992;
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[Abstract]
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W. S. Fenton and T. H. McGlashan
Testing Systems for Assessment of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia
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W. T. Carpenter Jr
The Negative Symptom Challenge
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T. H. McGlashan and W. S. Fenton
The Positive-Negative Distinction in Schizophrenia: Review of Natural History Validators
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January 1, 1992;
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W. S. Fenton and T. H. McGlashan
Natural History of Schizophrenia Subtypes: II. Positive and Negative Symptoms and Long-term Course
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November 1, 1991;
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D. P. van Kammen, J. Peters, J. Yao, W. B. van Kammen, T. Neylan, D. Shaw, and M. Linnoila
Norepinephrine in Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Schizophrenia: Negative Symptoms Revisited
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R. Tandon and J. F. Greden
Cholinergic Hyperactivity and Negative Schizophrenic Symptoms: A Model of Cholinergic/Dopaminergic Interactions in Schizophrenia
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