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Am J Psychiatry 1977; 134:1335-1348
Copyright © 1977 by American Psychiatric Association
The brain as a dream state generator: an activation-synthesis hypothesis of the dream process
JA Hobson and RW McCarley
Recent research in the neurobiology of dreaming sleep provides new evidence
for possible structural and functional substrates of formal aspects of the
dream process. The data suggest that dreaming sleep is physiologically
determined and shaped by a brain stem neuronal mechanism that can be
modeled physiologically and mathematically. Formal features of the
generator processes with strong implications for dream theory include
periodicity and automaticity of forebrain activation, suggesting a
preprogrammed neural basis for dream mentation in sleep; intense and
sporadic activation of brain stem sensorimotor circuits including
reticular, oculomotor, and vestibular neurons, possibly determining
spatiotemporal aspects of dream imagery; and shifts in transmitter ratios,
possibly accounting for dream amnesia. The authors suggest that the
automatically activated forebrain synthesizes the dream by comparing
information generated in specific brain stem circuits with information
stored in memory.
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