Naltrexone Implant for the Treatment of Polydrug Dependence: A Randomized Controlled Trial

From the Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Eastern Finland, and Niuvanniemi Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; the Department of Clinical Physiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio; the Finnish Medicines Agency, Kuopio; the Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Helsinki Deaconess Institute, Helsinki; the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; the St. Petersburg Bekhterev Psychoneurological Research Institute and Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, St. Petersburg Pavlov State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia.

From the Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Eastern Finland, and Niuvanniemi Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; the Department of Clinical Physiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio; the Finnish Medicines Agency, Kuopio; the Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Helsinki Deaconess Institute, Helsinki; the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; the St. Petersburg Bekhterev Psychoneurological Research Institute and Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, St. Petersburg Pavlov State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia.

From the Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Eastern Finland, and Niuvanniemi Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; the Department of Clinical Physiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio; the Finnish Medicines Agency, Kuopio; the Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Helsinki Deaconess Institute, Helsinki; the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; the St. Petersburg Bekhterev Psychoneurological Research Institute and Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, St. Petersburg Pavlov State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia.

From the Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Eastern Finland, and Niuvanniemi Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; the Department of Clinical Physiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio; the Finnish Medicines Agency, Kuopio; the Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Helsinki Deaconess Institute, Helsinki; the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; the St. Petersburg Bekhterev Psychoneurological Research Institute and Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, St. Petersburg Pavlov State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia.

From the Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Eastern Finland, and Niuvanniemi Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; the Department of Clinical Physiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio; the Finnish Medicines Agency, Kuopio; the Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Helsinki Deaconess Institute, Helsinki; the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; the St. Petersburg Bekhterev Psychoneurological Research Institute and Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, St. Petersburg Pavlov State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia.

From the Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Eastern Finland, and Niuvanniemi Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; the Department of Clinical Physiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio; the Finnish Medicines Agency, Kuopio; the Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Helsinki Deaconess Institute, Helsinki; the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; the St. Petersburg Bekhterev Psychoneurological Research Institute and Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, St. Petersburg Pavlov State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia.

From the Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Eastern Finland, and Niuvanniemi Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; the Department of Clinical Physiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio; the Finnish Medicines Agency, Kuopio; the Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Helsinki Deaconess Institute, Helsinki; the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; the St. Petersburg Bekhterev Psychoneurological Research Institute and Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, St. Petersburg Pavlov State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia.

From the Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Eastern Finland, and Niuvanniemi Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; the Department of Clinical Physiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio; the Finnish Medicines Agency, Kuopio; the Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Helsinki Deaconess Institute, Helsinki; the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; the St. Petersburg Bekhterev Psychoneurological Research Institute and Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, St. Petersburg Pavlov State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia.

From the Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Eastern Finland, and Niuvanniemi Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; the Department of Clinical Physiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio; the Finnish Medicines Agency, Kuopio; the Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Helsinki Deaconess Institute, Helsinki; the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; the St. Petersburg Bekhterev Psychoneurological Research Institute and Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, St. Petersburg Pavlov State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia.