To the Editor: We appreciate the opportunity to respond to the points Dr. Amen raises. Since we have made major professional and research efforts to investigate the use of imaging modalities for psychiatric diagnosis and treatment, we are acutely aware of the need to assure that any clinical tool, particularly those used in children, must be supported by empirical evidence.

As noted in our letter as well as in the book review by Leuchter (1), there is presently no evidence to support neuroimaging techniques to aid, substantiate, or otherwise illuminate the diagnosis or treatment of psychiatric disorders. The references offered by Dr. Amen do not suggest otherwise. Camargo (2) notes that "Brain SPECT in psychiatric disorders is still investigational. Despite considerable research interest in this area, specific patterns of the various diseases have not been definitely recognized." Although Carmago goes on to state that "perfusional and receptor imaging findings may be used as an additional diagnostic tool to guide clinicians searching for a definite diagnosis," no validated examples of this approach were provided. Brockman et al. also did not advocate the use of SPECT in clinical practice. In fact, Brockman et al. (3) specifically noted that the use of SPECT in predicting treatment response "is beyond the sensitivity of this method."

Dr. Amen's own publications do not support the use of SPECT imaging in assisting with the diagnosis or treatment of psychiatric disorders. His study of patients with completed suicide includes only 12 subjects (4). His retrospective study of 157 patients showed that regional cerebral blood flow, as measured by SPECT, predicted stimulant response in only 29 of these subjects. While of theoretical interest, these findings do not support the use of SPECT in clinical practice. Dr. Amen's recent book (5) also offers only anecdotal examples of imaging being useful in the treatment or diagnosis of psychiatric disorders.

The clinical applications of SPECT imaging in children are even more restricted, with only the assessment of epilepsy generally accepted as a diagnostic indication. Indeed, in 2005, the APA Council on Children, Adolescents, and Their Families concluded the following:

Dr. Amen states that we have a "notion that SPECT is dangerous." We stand by our previous statement that the unfounded clinical application of any diagnostic technique, including SPECT imaging, provides several dangers to patients, three of which were outlined in our letter. SPECT brain imaging, when applied based on a solid foundation of empirical evidence, is a powerful diagnostic tool capable of providing clinicians with critically valuable information for patient management (7).

Editor's Note:

The American Journal of Psychiatry is charged with bringing new research on mental disorders and their treatment to the attention of our readers and providing informed guidance on its translation into evidence-based clinical practice. These research and clinical articles are peer-reviewed by reviewers drawn from several thousand of our colleagues for their accuracy and completeness as part of the publication process. We have championed the publication of research articles about diagnostic tests and treatments that are still early in development, before their reliability can be fully determined, with the caveat that their early experimental nature be clearly identified. We have also published letters and editorials warning about the risks of widespread distribution of tests and treatment to doctors and patients before the published evidence warrants their use in clinical practice. Commercialization of a diagnostic test, even if the underlying procedure such as brain imaging or DNA analysis is approved for human use, strongly indicates to physicians and families that the test adds significant new information to guide clinical judgment. We have published this exchange of letters as part of our responsibility to readers to point out when a procedure may lack sufficient evidence to justify its widespread clinical use.

ROBERT FREEDMAN, M.D.