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The American Journal of Psychiatry, VOL. 165, No. 9

Commentary | September 01, 2008

Mental Health in the Mainstream of Public Policy: Research Issues and Opportunities

Howard H. Goldman; Sherry A. GLIED; Margarita Alegria

Am J Psychiatry 2008;165:1099-1101. 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08040584

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References

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This issue of the Journal begins a series on mental health in the mainstream of public policy, examining the past and future of mental health policy and research. The past decade has seen the publication of a Surgeon General’s report on mental health (1) and a set of reports from the President’s New Freedom Commission on Mental Health (2, 3). Yet more than ever there is a need to take stock of where mental health policy sits in the mainstream of broader public policy.

Considering people with mental health problems as well as their needs is a comparatively new topic for mainstream public policy. Until a few decades ago, almost all considerations of mental health policy focused on the specialty mental health service systems of psychiatric hospitals and community mental health centers. In the past, individuals with severe mental disorders were segregated from the rest of the health care system and lived their lives mostly disconnected from the mainstream of society and its institutions and public policies. With the movement toward deinstitutionalization and community care, individuals with even the most severe and persistent mental disorders came to live in our neighborhoods and interact with our broader social institutions (4).

In their book Better But Not Well: Mental Health Policy in the United States Since 1950, Frank and Glied (5) concluded that the mental health of the general public in the United States has improved steadily over the past half century. With the exception of a group of those who are most impaired, including some who are homeless and chronically unemployed, people with mental disorders are better off than ever before, using mental health services and participating in the mainstream of society. Even some who are most impaired have access to a broad array of social services and agencies, compared with conditions 50 years ago, when individuals with severe mental disorders often spent many years in specialized institutions for mental illness. Today, they are involved in the mainstream of society and derive benefits from its diverse institutions. They receive services from—and occasionally create special challenges for—the welfare system, housing providers, schools, adult and juvenile criminal justice systems, and the general health care system, where much mental health care occurs. The following are statistical data pertaining to the impact of mental illness on society:

These statistics underscore the critical role of mainstream programs in the lives of people with mental illness. Mental health issues are a part of broad public policy—occasionally recognized as such but often hidden and poorly understood.

Mental health policy has evolved over the past century through a series of incremental steps guided by scientific advances and supported by an ideology of community integration and participation (4). Federal, state, and local mental health policies are now manifestations of employment and welfare policies, criminal justice policy, education and juvenile justice policies, and general health policy. The drive for health insurance parity is an example of mental health becoming part of the mainstream of health care financing policy. At times, however, there remains a need for exceptionalist policies that treat individuals with mental disorders differently (5). For example, exceptionalism may be appropriate in the design of special education services or programs to encourage employment among disabled populations, while standard health insurance coverage and cash assistance might work equally well for people with mental disorders and those with other needs.

Consistent with this shift, the recent presidential commission on mental health produced a series of reports, including a final report and recommendations for policy "transformation" in mental health (3), which touched upon a wide array of public policies. There are reports on criminal justice, housing, mental health and schools, employment and income support, Medicaid, rural mental health, interface with general medical care, and implementation of new technologies and evidence-based practices (9—18). The recommendations, however, tend to be modest and limited, even as they call upon a transformation of policies outside of traditional mental health agencies as well as within government and private sector mental health organizations.

The shift of mental health from exceptionalism to the mainstream has not been fully reflected in the mental health research agenda. The program of research in mental health services that began in the 1980s and was sponsored by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) (19) focused almost entirely on specialty mental health services, such as psychiatric hospitals and inpatient units in general hospitals, mental health clinics, specialist providers, and community mental health centers. The New Freedom Commission recommended only studies investigating the causes of mental illness, boldly focusing on eliminating those causes completely. A recent report from NIMH (20) outlined a "road ahead" for research on mental health services but did not address the content of such studies and did not establish a policy research agenda.

The mental health policy research agenda presented in this series of articles, by contrast, focuses instead on mainstream social policies. These are policies that affect agencies where individuals with mental disorders create special opportunities and challenges—where they need and use services. The articles in this series focus on the following eight significant areas of public policy:

Each article retrospectively examines one of these areas and identifies key issues in which mental health plays a role. The articles review what is known; then they look ahead at prospects for research to fill the gaps in our knowledge and understanding of the important issues discussed. Throughout this series, we use the general term "mental illness" and the specific term "mental disorder" to include all mental health and behavioral conditions, including substance use disorders. The first article in this issue of the Journal, by Jeanne Miranda, Ph.D., et al., examines mental health care in the context of health care disparities experienced by minorities in our population (21).

References

Department of Health and Human Services: Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, Md, DHHS, 1999

New Freedom Commission on Mental Health: Interim Report. Washington, DC, SAMHSA, 2002 (http://www.mentalhealthcommission.gov/reports/reports.htm)

New Freedom Commission on Mental Health: Final Report. Washington, DC, SAMHSA, 2003 (http://www.mentalhealthcommission.gov/reports/reports.htm)

Grob GN, Goldman HH: The Dilemma of Federal Mental Health Policy. Piscataway, NJ, Rutgers University Press, 2006

Frank R, Glied S: Better But Not Well: Mental Health Policy in the United States Since 1950. Baltimore, Md, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006

Social Security Administration: Annual Statistical Report on the Social Security Disability Insurance Program, 2005. Washington, DC, SSA, 2006 (http://www.socialsecurity.gov/policy/docs/statcomps/di_asr/)

Harrison PM, Karberg JC: Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2003, Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin. Rockville, Md, DOJ, Office of Justice Programs (NCJ 203947), 2004 (http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/ascii/pjim03.txt)

United States House of Representatives Committee on Government Reform—Minority Staff Special Investigations Division: Incarcerations of Youth Who Are Waiting for Community Mental Health Services in the United States, July 2004 http://oversight.house.gov/documents/20040817121901-25170.pdf

Cook JA: Employment barriers for persons with psychiatric disabilities: update of a report for the President’s Commission. Psychiatr Serv 2006; 57:1391—1405

10.

Day SL: Issues in Medicaid policy and system transformation: recommendations from the President’s Commission. Psychiatr Serv 2006; 57:1713—1718

11.

O’Hara A: Housing for people with mental illness: update of a report to the President’s New Freedom Commission. Psychiatr Serv 2007; 58:907—913

12.

New Freedom Commission on Mental Health: Subcommittee on Housing and Homelessness: Background Paper, Pub No SMA 04-3884. Rockville, Md, DHHS, 2004 (http://www.mentalhealthcommission.gov/papers/Homeless_ADA_Compliant.pdf)

13.

New Freedom Commission on Mental Health: Subcommittee on Rural Issues: Background Paper, Pub No SMA 04-3890. Rockville, Md, DHHS, 2004 (http://www.mentalhealthcommission.gov/papers/Rural.pdf)

14.

New Freedom Commission on Mental Health: Subcommittee on Evidence-Based Practices: Background Paper, Pub No SMA 05-4007. Rockville, Md, DHHS, 2005 (http://www.mentalhealthcommission.gov/reports/EBP_Final_040605.pdf)

15.

New Freedom Commission on Mental Health: Subcommittee on Acute Care: Background Paper, Pub No SMA 04-3876. Rockville, Md, DHHS, 2004 (http://www.mentalhealthcommission.gov/papers/Acute_Care.pdf)

16.

New Freedom Commission on Mental Health: Subcommittee on Criminal Justice: Background Paper, Pub No SMA 04-3880. Rockville, Md, DHHS, 2004 (http://www.mentalhealthcommission.gov/papers/CJ_ADACompliant.pdf)

17.

Stephan SH, Weist M, Kataoka S, Adelsheim S, Mills C: Transformation of children’s mental health services: the role of school mental health. Psychiatr Serv 2007; 58:1330—1338

18.

Unützer J, Schoenbaum M, Druss BG, Katon WJ: Transforming mental health care at the interface with general medicine: report for the Presidents Commission. Psychiatr Serv 2006; 57:37—47

19.

Taube CA, Mechanic D, Hohmann AA (eds): The Future of Mental Health Services Research, Pub No ADM 89-1600. Rockville, Md, DHHS, 1989

20.

National Institute of Mental Health: A Report of the National Mental Health Advisory Council Workgroup on Services and Clinical Epidemiology Research. The Road Ahead: Research Partnerships to Transform Services. Rockville, Md, NIMH, 2006 (http://www.nimh.nih.gov/council/TheRoadAhead.pdf)

21.

Miranda J, McGuire TG, Williams DR, Wang P: Mental health in the context of health disparities. Am J Psychiatry 2008; 165:1102—1108

Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Goldman, Editor, Psychiatric Services, 1000 Wilson Blvd., Suite 1825, Arlington, VA 22209; psjournal@psych.org (e-mail). Commentary accepted for publication June 2008 (doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08040584).

This Policy Retrospective series is the product of collaboration between experts in various areas of broad social policy and experts in mental health policy. It was sponsored by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Network on Mental Health Policy Research and a grant from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.

Dr. Goldman is also affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Potomac, Md.

The authors report no competing interests.

Department of Health and Human Services: Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, Md, DHHS, 1999

New Freedom Commission on Mental Health: Interim Report. Washington, DC, SAMHSA, 2002 (http://www.mentalhealthcommission.gov/reports/reports.htm)

New Freedom Commission on Mental Health: Final Report. Washington, DC, SAMHSA, 2003 (http://www.mentalhealthcommission.gov/reports/reports.htm)

Grob GN, Goldman HH: The Dilemma of Federal Mental Health Policy. Piscataway, NJ, Rutgers University Press, 2006

Frank R, Glied S: Better But Not Well: Mental Health Policy in the United States Since 1950. Baltimore, Md, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006

Cook JA: Employment barriers for persons with psychiatric disabilities: update of a report for the President’s Commission. Psychiatr Serv 2006; 57:1391—1405

10.

Day SL: Issues in Medicaid policy and system transformation: recommendations from the President’s Commission. Psychiatr Serv 2006; 57:1713—1718

11.

O’Hara A: Housing for people with mental illness: update of a report to the President’s New Freedom Commission. Psychiatr Serv 2007; 58:907—913

12.

13.

New Freedom Commission on Mental Health: Subcommittee on Rural Issues: Background Paper, Pub No SMA 04-3890. Rockville, Md, DHHS, 2004 (http://www.mentalhealthcommission.gov/papers/Rural.pdf)

14.

15.

New Freedom Commission on Mental Health: Subcommittee on Acute Care: Background Paper, Pub No SMA 04-3876. Rockville, Md, DHHS, 2004 (http://www.mentalhealthcommission.gov/papers/Acute_Care.pdf)

16.

17.

Stephan SH, Weist M, Kataoka S, Adelsheim S, Mills C: Transformation of children’s mental health services: the role of school mental health. Psychiatr Serv 2007; 58:1330—1338

18.

Unützer J, Schoenbaum M, Druss BG, Katon WJ: Transforming mental health care at the interface with general medicine: report for the Presidents Commission. Psychiatr Serv 2006; 57:37—47

19.

Taube CA, Mechanic D, Hohmann AA (eds): The Future of Mental Health Services Research, Pub No ADM 89-1600. Rockville, Md, DHHS, 1989

20.

21.

Miranda J, McGuire TG, Williams DR, Wang P: Mental health in the context of health disparities. Am J Psychiatry 2008; 165:1102—1108

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Howard Goldman, M.D., Ph.D., Sherry GLIED, Ph.D., Margarita Alegria, Ph.D.; Mental Health in the Mainstream of Public Policy: Research Issues and Opportunities. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2008 Sep;165(9):1099-1101.

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